Kidney Toxicity Related to Herbs and Dietary Supplements: A Growing Concern

Introduction:

Herbs and dietary supplements have become increasingly popular in recent years popularity as alternative or complementary approaches to improve overall health and well-being. People around the world use these natural products, often believing in their potential to treat various ailments. While many herbs and supplements can be beneficial, some can have harmful effects on the body, particularly when taken in excess. One significant concern is kidney toxicity, which can lead to severe health complications and even kidney failure, as the kidneys are crucial organs for filtering waste products from the body.

What Are Kidneys and Their Functions?

Before delving into kidney toxicity, it is essential to understand the kidneys' vital role in the human body. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs found on the side of the spine, just below the ribcage. They play a pivotal role in maintaining overall health by filtering waste products, excess minerals, and toxins from the bloodstream, which are then excreted through urine. Additionally, the kidneys regulate the body's water balance, electrolyte levels, and blood pressure, and produce hormones that support red blood cell production and bone health.

What Is Kidney Toxicity?

Kidney toxicity, also known as nephrotoxicity, refers to the damage or impairment of kidney function caused by certain substances, including drugs, chemicals, and natural products such as herbs and dietary supplements. As the functions of the kidney get impaired and the kidneys are not able to filter and eradicate harmful substances from the body, they start to accumulate and cause potentially severe health issues.

What Is the Mechanism of Kidney Toxicity?

The exact mechanism by which certain herbs and dietary supplements cause kidney toxicity is not always fully understood. However, several factors may contribute to their harmful effects, which include the -

a. Oxidative Stress - Free radicals and reactive oxygen species can cause oxidative damage to kidney cells. Some herbs and supplements may contain antioxidants that can counteract oxidative stress, but excessive doses can have the opposite effect and lead to cellular damage.

b. Direct Nephrotoxicity - Certain compounds in herbs and supplements can cause direct damage to the kidneys. For instance, aristolochic acid found in certain traditional Chinese medicines has been linked to kidney failure and an increased risk of urinary tract cancers.

c. Drug Interactions - Some herbs and supplements can interact with medications, leading to potential kidney toxicity as a side effect of drug interactions.

d. Herbal Adulteration - Herbal products and supplements may contain heavy metals or other toxic substances, which can adversely affect kidney function.

What Are the Common Herbs and Dietary Supplements Linked to Kidney Toxicity?

There are certain dietary supplements and herbs which can lead to kidney toxicity which are as follows -

• Aristolochic Acid-containing Herbs - Aristolochic acid is a compound found in some traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic herbs, such as Aristolochia and Asarum species. It has been associated with severe kidney damage, including nephritis and kidney failure.

• Ephedra - This is also known as ma-huang, and has been used for weight loss and enhanced athletic performance. However, it has been linked to kidney damage and other adverse effects, leading to its ban in many countries.

• Creatine Supplements - Creatine is one of the popular dietary supplements used by athletes and bodybuilders to improve exercise performance. While it is generally safe, excessive creatine intake can strain the kidneys, especially in individuals with pre-existing kidney conditions.

• Green Tea Extract - This contains high levels of catechins, which have antioxidant properties. In some cases, excessive consumption of green tea extract supplements has been associated with acute kidney injury.

• Aloe Vera - Aloe vera supplements have been used for digestive and skin health. However, prolonged use or high doses of aloe vera products may lead to kidney damage.

• St. John's Wort - This is a popular herbal remedy for depression. It may interact with certain medications and potentially affect kidney function in susceptible individuals.

• Cranberry Supplements - While cranberries are generally safe, excessive use of cranberry supplements may lead to kidney stones due to their high oxalate content.

• Kava - This is used to reduce anxiety and promote relaxation.

• High Doses of Vitamin C - Vitamin C is an essential nutrient for the body. However, excessive amounts of vitamin C supplements may increase the risk of kidney stones. This occurs as a result of a conversion of vitamin C into oxalate, which then combines with calcium to form kidney stones.

• Protein Supplements - Athletes and bodybuilders commonly take protein supplements to increase muscle mass and improve performance. In contrast, the consumption of high doses of protein supplements may increase the workload on the kidneys, which can lead to kidney damage with time.

• Iron Supplements - Kidneys are responsible for purifying and controlling the levels of iron in the blood and the excessive amount of iron supplements may lead to iron overload in the body thus causing damage to the kidneys.

What Are the Risk Factors for Kidney Toxicity?

This is not mandatory for everyone who uses herbs and dietary supplements will experience kidney toxicity. Certain factors increase the risk of adverse kidney effects which include -

• Pre-existing Kidney Conditions - Individuals with pre-existing kidney conditions, such as chronic kidney disease or kidney stones, are at higher risk of kidney toxicity from herbs and supplements as compared to others.

• Dosage and Duration - Taking herbs and supplements in excessive doses or for prolonged periods can overwhelm the ability of kidneys to metabolize and eliminate them, leading to potential toxicity.

• Concurrent Medications - Taking herbs and supplements alongside prescription medications can create drug interactions that contribute to kidney toxicity.

• Age and Gender - Elderly individuals and women may be more susceptible to kidney toxicity due to differences in drug metabolism and hormonal factors.

• Genetic Variability - Some people may have genetic variations that make them more susceptible to the adverse effects of certain herbs and supplements.

How to Prevent Kidney Toxicity From Herbs and Dietary Supplements?

Preventing kidney toxicity related to herbs and dietary supplements involves responsible and informed use -

• Consult a Healthcare Professional - Always consult a healthcare professional before starting any new herbal or supplement regimen, especially if a person has pre-existing kidney conditions or is taking other medications.

• Buy Trusted Brands - Purchase products from reputable brands and ensure they have been tested for quality and safety.

• Follow Recommended Dosages - Stick to recommended dosages and avoid exceeding them without consulting anyone.

• Be Cautious with Combinations - In case a person is taking prescription medications, discuss potential interactions with the healthcare provider before using any herbs or supplements.

• Monitor Kidney Function - An individual should get regular kidney function checks through routine medical check-ups, especially if they are using herbs and supplements for a long duration.

Conclusion

While herbs and dietary supplements can offer potential health benefits, they also come with the risk of kidney toxicity if used irresponsibly. Understanding the potential dangers, mechanisms, and risk factors associated with certain herbs and supplements can help individuals make decisions about their health and well-being. By following guidelines for responsible use and seeking guidance from healthcare professionals, individuals can harness the potential benefits of herbs and supplements while safeguarding their kidney health.