Hepatic Iron Overload - Uncovering the Hidden Liver Threat

Introduction

An essential element of the body that is involved in various physiological processes is iron. However, excessive iron in the liver may affect the overall functioning of the body. Excess iron storage occurs when the body surpasses the capacity to store more than the required amount. Understanding the various causes of iron overload may aid with prompt treatment.

What Is Hepatic Iron Overload?

In hepatic iron overload, the body stores excess iron than the requirements.

What Causes Hepatic Iron Overload?

There are various causes of hepatic iron overload. The most common cause is due to inherited genetic traits. This condition is also called primary hemochromatosis. This is due to the defective DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from either parent, which is inherited by the child. As a result, there is excessive iron absorption in the body. The other cause of hepatic overload can be due to secondary hemochromatosis. Some of the conditions associated with secondary hemochromatosis are mentioned below:

• Anemia is a condition in which there are low hemoglobin levels in the body.

• Blood transfusion is a process in which blood is transferred from one person to another due to surgeries or accidents.

• Iron pills.

• Kidney dialysis.

• Certain liver diseases like hepatitis or fatty liver.

The inherited form is extremely common in people from Northern Europe, and the prevalence is quite lesser in individuals of African-American, Asian, or American descent. Additionally men are more prone to this condition than women. Also, women tend to lose iron from the body during the menstrual cycle or after having a child. Hence, their bodies store much less iron.

Also, hepatic iron overload is seen in older people. A few other factors contributing to primary hepatic iron overload are:

• Arthritis or joint pain.

• Diabetes.

• Erectile dysfunction.

• Liver disease.

What Are the Symptoms of Hepatic Iron Overload?

The symptoms of hepatic iron overload may vary with each individual. Some may have high levels of iron but may not experience any symptoms, while the rest may exhibit various types of symptoms. A few commonly observed symptoms are mentioned below:

• Fatigue.

• General weakness.

• Joint pain.

• Stomach pain.

• Unexplained weight loss.

• Irregular heartbeat.

Why Is Excess Iron Dangerous?

Excess amounts of iron in the body can be dangerous. It may cause iron toxicity which can affect the day-to-day activities of an individual. Iron overload can cause a wide range of complications which are listed below:

• Liver damage is a significant cause of iron overload and its potential for liver damage. Excess iron may build up in the liver, leading to inflammation and fibrosis. Eventually, it may cause serious scarring of liver tissues, resulting in cirrhosis.

• Iron overload is known to increase the risk of type-2 diabetes. Excess iron may interfere with insulin functions and potentially result in the development of diabetes.

• Heart problems are seen in association with iron overload. It may cause heart attack and heart failure.

• Iron buildup in the joints can lead to pain and inflammation and may result in symptoms like arthritis which includes pain and swelling.

• Hormonal imbalances may occur in iron overload, which in turn affects the thyroid and reproductive functions.

• High risk of infection.

• Neurological effects like movement disorder and cognitive impairment are noticed.

What Is the Diagnosis of Hepatic Iron Overload?

• To diagnose this condition, the doctor may take a proper medical and family history of an individual.

• Genetic testing may be recommended in some individuals if there is a suspicion of hereditary hemochromatosis. The mutation in certain genes like C282Y may increase iron overload.

• Liver imaging can help assess the amount of iron accumulation in the liver, which is done using a special scan called magnetic resonance imaging.

• Some cases may require a liver biopsy.

• Blood tests may also be considered to assess the levels of iron in the body. Some of the important tests include:

  • Serum ferritin test, which is done to identify elevated levels of iron. Ferritin is capable of storing iron.

  • The serum iron test also measures tron levels in the body.

  • The total-iron binding capacity test measures the maximum amount of iron that can be bound to transferrin.

A comprehensive assessment may be required based on individual circumstances to diagnose hepatic overload. If the individual suspects iron overload, it is better to seek medical attention at the earliest possible.

What Is the Treatment for Hepatic Iron Overload?

The treatment for hepatic iron load is planned based on the needs of each individual’s medical history and levels of iron in the body. The main objective of the treatment is to reduce the excess iron levels in the body without further complications. Some of the treatment methods include:

• Phlebotomy: It is a process of blood removal, which is the most common and highly effective treatment for hereditary hemochromatosis. It involves removing a specific amount of blood to lower iron levels. This process helps the body use excessive iron accumulated in the tissues over time. The frequency of the sessions may vary based on individual iron levels.

• Iron Chelation Therapy: If there is a severe iron overload due to conditions like thalassemia, this therapy can be used. Chelating agents are drugs that bind to iron and promote its excretion from the body.

• Diet Modifications: People with iron overload are advised to limit the amount of iron intake by avoiding foods rich in red meat and iron-fortified foods. Avoiding vitamin C supplements or foods high in vitamin C can reduce iron absorption.

• Regular Monitoring: Irrespective of any specific treatment, it is crucial to frequently monitor iron levels and liver functions to estimate the potential complications and treat the condition accordingly.

Conclusion

In conclusion, hepatic iron overload may occur as a result of various underlying medical conditions. It may have a drastic impact on the liver and may cause cirrhosis or other liver diseases. It is better to seek a medical assessment if an individual notices any symptoms of hepatic iron overload. Excessive iron can affect organs like the heart, liver, and thyroid glands. Specific treatments and medications can definitely help to improve the disease. The disease can be managed with proper follow-ups and accurate treatment.