Iodine Toxicity - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Introduction:

Iodine is a chemical element with an atomic number of 53 and its symbol is I. It is a non-metal, halogen element that is observed in the periodic table along with other elements like fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. Iodine has a shiny, dark grey, or purple-black appearance and belongs to the family of elements known as halogens. It is a highly reactive element that can form various compounds with other elements.

Iodine is a vital nutrient that is essential for the thyroid gland to function correctly. The production of hormones is under the responsibility of the thyroid glands, which control the body's growth, development, and metabolism. A lack of iodine can cause thyroid disorders because this element is necessary for the synthesis of these hormones. Iodine can be found in a number of foods, including dairy products, fish, and iodized salt.

What Are the Benefits of Iodine?

The benefits of iodine include:

• Iodine is essential for proper thyroid function. The thyroid hormone that controls the body's metabolism depends on it.

• Iodine promotes cognitive function. Adequate intake of iodine is necessary for proper brain development and cognitive function.

• The immune system needs iodine to function appropriately. It improves immunological performance and white blood cell formation, enabling them to fight infections.

• Iodine regulates the production of hormones in other glands besides the thyroid, such as the adrenal glands and ovaries. Adequate intake of iodine can help to regulate hormone production and prevent hormonal imbalances.

• Iodine is necessary for the proper growth and development of skin, hair, and nails. It promotes healthy skin, hair, and nails.

What Are the Medical Applications of Iodine?

The applications of iodine in the medical field include:

1. Disinfectant: Iodine is used as an antiseptic to disinfect skin and wounds before surgery. It is also used to disinfect medical equipment and surfaces.

2. Contrast Agent: Iodine can be used as a contrast agent for medical imaging, such as X-rays and Iodine contrast media: It is used to help highlight blood vessels, organs, and other structures in the body during imaging tests like X-rays and CT (computed tomography) scans.

3. Radiation Exposure: In case of exposure to radioactive materials, Iodine supplements can aid in preventing the thyroid gland from absorbing radioactive iodine, which might lead to cancer.

4. Wound Healing: Iodine is used in some wound dressings to promote wound healing and prevent infection.

What Is Iodine Toxicity?

Iodine toxicity, also known as iodine poisoning, happens when there is too much iodine in the body. Generally, adults can experience iodine toxicity when their daily intake exceeds 1,100 micrograms (mcg) per day, while children can experience toxicity at lower levels. The tolerable upper limit for iodine intake has been set by various health organizations, including the World Health Organization (WHO) and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). The tolerable upper limit for iodine intake is 1,100 mcg per day for adults and 300 to 900 mcg per day for children, depending on their age.

What Are the Causes of Iodine Toxicity?

The following are the causes of iodine toxicity:

• Excessive Intake of Iodine-Containing Supplements: Consuming high doses of iodine supplements or medications containing iodine can cause iodine toxicity. This can happen when individuals take more than the recommended dosage or consume multiple iodine-containing supplements simultaneously.

• Medications: Certain medications, such as Amiodarone, contain high levels of iodine and can lead to iodine toxicity if taken in excessive amounts.

• Iodine-Rich Foods: Certain foods, such as seaweed, kelp, and other seafood, are rich in iodine. Consuming excessive amounts of these foods can lead to iodine toxicity.

• Environmental Exposure: Individuals who live in areas with high levels of iodine in the air or water can be exposed to high levels of iodine. Individuals who work in industries that use iodine-containing disinfectants or who are exposed to radioactive iodine can experience iodine toxicity.

• Allergic Reaction: In some cases, individuals may experience an allergic reaction to the contrast media, which increases the chance of getting iodine toxicity.

What Are the Symptoms of Iodine Toxicity?

The common symptoms of iodine toxicity include:

• Nausea and vomiting.

• Abdominal pain.

• Diarrhea.

• Headache.

• Metallic taste in the mouth.

• Burning sensation in the throat, and stomach.

• Swollen salivary glands.

• Skin rashes or hives.

• Fever.

• Weakness or fatigue.

• Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid gland).

• Hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland).

• Thyroid gland enlargement (goiter).

• Thyroid storm (a life-threatening complication of hyperthyroidism).

• In severe cases of iodine toxicity, individuals can experience shock, delirium, and coma.

How to Diagnose Iodine Toxicity?

The diagnostic methods to identify iodine toxicity:

• Physical Examination: The healthcare professional may examine the affected individuals and look for symptoms such as skin rashes, swelling, and enlargement of the thyroid gland.

• Blood Tests: Thyroid hormone levels, such as T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4 (thyroxine), can be determined through blood tests. Abnormal levels of these hormones can indicate thyroid dysfunction, which can be caused by iodine toxicity.

• Urine Tests: Iodine levels in the body may be determined by urine tests. High levels of iodine in the urine can indicate iodine toxicity.

• Imaging Tests: Ultrasound or computed tomography (CT) scans, can be used to check for enlargement or abnormalities in the thyroid gland.

• Allergy Testing: In some cases, individuals may have an allergic reaction to iodine-containing contrast media used in medical imaging tests. Allergy testing can help identify individuals who may be at risk of developing iodine toxicity from these tests.

What Is the Treatment for Iodine Toxicity?

The objective of medical therapy is to get rid of extra iodine present inside the body and manage associated symptoms or complications that may arise. The treatment options include:

1. Discontinuing Iodine Intake: The first step in treating iodine toxicity is to discontinue the intake of iodine-containing supplements, medications, or foods. Individuals may also need to avoid exposure to iodine-containing substances, such as iodine-based contrast media used in medical imaging tests.

2. Supportive Care: Individuals with iodine toxicity may require supportive care to manage symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Supportive care may include intravenous fluids, anti-nausea medications, and pain management.

3. Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy: In cases of iodine-induced hypothyroidism, individuals may require thyroid hormone replacement therapy to restore normal thyroid function.

4. Beta-Blockers: In cases of iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, individuals may require beta-blockers to manage symptoms such as rapid heartbeat and tremors.

5. Hospitalization: In severe cases of iodine toxicity, hospitalization may be necessary to provide close monitoring and intensive care.

Conclusion:

Iodine toxicity is not common in the general population, individuals should still be cautious and follow guidelines for iodine intake to prevent potential health risks. The best way to prevent iodine toxicity is to limit iodine intake. It is important to consume iodine in moderation and avoid consuming iodine supplements unless prescribed by a healthcare professional. Regular monitoring of thyroid function can help detect any abnormalities early on and prevent iodine-induced thyroid disorders.