Understanding Infected Spleen

Introduction

The spleen is located in the upper left region of the abdomen, situated behind the stomach, and approximately has the dimensions of a fist. The spleen comprises two distinct types of tissue: white pulp, which contains immune cells, and red pulp, which filters blood and removes old or damaged red blood cells. The spleen plays an important role in a person's immunity. It contains specialized cells called macrophages and dendritic cells, which identify and destroy invading pathogens, as well as B cells and T cells, which produce antibodies and coordinate the immune response.

Several diseases and disorders can affect the spleen, including infections, such as sepsis, infectious mononucleosis, and malaria (a disease caused by parasite); autoimmune disorders, such as lupus (a auto immune disease) and rheumatoid arthritis (chronic inflammatory disorder affecting joints); and conditions that cause enlargement of the spleen, such as cirrhosis (liver damage), leukemia (a type of blood cancer), and lymphoma (lymphatic cancer). In some cases, the spleen may need to be removed (splenectomy) due to disease or injury, which can heighten the susceptibility to specific infections. Nevertheless, when the immune system is compromised or weakened, or the infection is severe, the microorganisms can multiply and cause an infection in the spleen. In some cases, the infection can potentially originate from another location within the body and subsequently spread to the spleen. Some medical conditions can also elevate the chances of infections of the spleen by weakening the immune system or interfering with the normal function of the spleen. An infection in the spleen can lead to the formation of a splenic abscess.

What Are Causes for an Infected Spleen?

• Bacterial Infections: These can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Haemophilus influenzae. These bacteria can cause infections such as sepsis, endocarditis, and pneumonia.

• Viral Infections: These can be caused by viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and hepatitis viruses. Viral infections of the spleen are often associated with infectious mononucleosis, a condition characterized by fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes.

• Fungal Infections: These can be caused by fungi such as Candida and Aspergillus. Fungal infections of the spleen are more common in people with weakened immune systems.

• Parasitic Infections: These can be caused by parasites such as Plasmodium (malaria) and Trypanosoma (Chagas disease). These infections are more common in areas with poor sanitation and hygiene.

Additionally, there are other factors that can contribute to an increased risk of infections of the spleen, including underlying medical conditions such as HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and cancer; certain medications that suppress the immune system; and splenic dysfunction or injury.

In What Ways Do Microorganisms Enter the Spleen?

The microorganisms can enter the bloodstream through several routes, such as:

• Bacteria can enter the bloodstream from an infected wound, particularly if the wound is deep or contaminated.

• Bacteria from infected teeth or gums can spread to the bloodstream and eventually reach the spleen.

• Infections occurring in other body regions, such as the lungs, kidneys, or liver, can spread to the spleen through the bloodstream.

• Parasitic or bacterial contamination in water or food can potentially enter the bloodstream, leading to infection within the spleen.

• Certain insect bites, such as those from ticks or mosquitoes, can transmit infections such as lyme disease or malaria that can infect the spleen.

Once the microorganisms reach the spleen, they can infect the white pulp, red pulp, or both. Infection of the white pulp can lead to inflammation and enlargement of the spleen, while infection of the red pulp can cause damage to the blood vessels and interfere with the normal filtration and processing of blood.

What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Spleen Infections?

• Fever (mild to high-grade fever).

• Soreness in the upper left side of the abdomen is a common symptom of spleen infection. The pain sensation can manifest as a dull, aching, or sharp sensation.

• An infected spleen may become enlarged due to inflammation and swelling. An enlarged spleen may cause a feeling of fullness or pressure in the abdomen.

• Fatigue (weakness).

• Night sweats are a common symptom of some infections of the spleen, such as bacterial infections.

• Vomiting and nausea may be experienced as a result of the inflammation and irritation of the spleen.

• Reduced desire to eat as it can be difficult to eat or drink due to abdominal pain and discomfort.

• In rare cases, infection of the spleen can result in a condition where the skin and eyes may exhibit yellow discoloration (jaundice). This phenomenon arises when the liver becomes incapable of processing bilirubin.

How to Diagnose?

The healthcare provider may conduct a physical examination, assess medical history, and review and order tests like imaging tests, blood tests (checking for C-reactive protein (CRP) level), culture and sensitivity tests (which involves taking a sample of the fluid or tissue to identify the specific bacteria, fungi, or parasites causing the infection), and a biopsy (involves removing a small sample of tissue from the spleen for examination under a microscope).

What Are the Treatment Options for Spleen Infections?

The treatment for a spleen infection, also known as a splenic abscess, depends on the severity of the infection, the underlying cause of the infection, and overall health. The following are treatment options:

• Antibiotics: Antibiotics are generally considered the initial course of treatment for a spleen infection. The health care professional will prescribe antibiotics depending on the type of bacteria, fungus, or parasite that is causing the infection.

• Drainage: If the abscess is large or does not respond to antibiotics, the doctor may recommend draining the abscess. This may involve inserting a needle through the skin and into the abscess to drain the fluid, or in some cases, surgery may be necessary to remove the abscess.

• Supportive Care: This may include rest, pain medication, and fluids to prevent dehydration.

Conclusion

A spleen infection, also known as a splenic abscess, is a rare but serious medical condition that can be attributed to an infection caused by bacteria, fungi, or parasites. There exists a potential for the infection to disseminate to other body regions, resulting in potentially life-threatening complications such as sepsis, organ failure, and even death if the infection is not addressed promptly. Additionally, a ruptured splenic abscess can lead to severe bleeding and further complications. With prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment, the majority of individuals with a spleen infection or abscess can recover completely without any long-term complications.