Introduction
Brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF) are a crucial player in neurobiology. It plays a vital role in various functions of the brain. Recent studies have highlighted the role of BDNF in mood disorders such as bipolar disorder and depression. There are intensive studies that are being carried out to understand the interplay between mood disorders and BDNF. However, it is to be understood that this is a highly complex mechanism. This article aims to dwell further on the same lines.
What Is BDNF?
BDNF is a very important neurotrophin that plays a significant role in the maintenance and development of the nervous system. Neurotrophins are chemicals in the nervous system that help in its smooth functioning. It helps in promoting neuronal health, cognitive function, and synaptic functioning. BDNF is synthesized in various regions of the brain. However, it is found in higher concentrations in the hippocampus and cortex. A vital connection to note here is that the region's hippocampus and cortex are associated with mood regulation and the processing of emotions.
What Is the Neurobiology of Mood Disorders?
Mood disorders are conditions in which there are constant alterations in a person's mood. This can also be known as an unstable emotional state. The most common and important mood disorders are depression and bipolar disorder. The two conditions are quite distinct from each other. Depression is characterized by constant sadness and a lack of interest in performing activities. Bipolar disorder, on the other hand, is a condition in which a person oscillates between vagaries of mood. A person may exhibit constant change between depressive and manic episodes. The symptoms of both conditions may differ, but their effects on one’s personal life are humongous.
What Is the Genetics of BDNF and Its Role in Mood Disorders?
The genetic dimension of how BDNF and mood disorders interplay is quite complex. The main problem is seen in the polymorphism of the BDNF gene. Val66met is the polymorphic gene in BDNF. When this gene is affected, there is an alteration in the secretions and functioning of this gene. Individuals carrying this polymorphism gene exhibit intracellular trafficking of this gene, leading to its shortage in secretion. This pathogenesis is considered a biomarker for mood disorders and regulation.
What Is the Relationship Between BDNF and Depression?
BDNF has a very close association with the occurrence of mood disorders such as depression. The serum biomarkers of patients with depression have exhibited low levels of BDNF in the blood. These reduced levels of BDNF are very noteworthy in the brain's hippocampus and prefrontal cortex regions.
The reduction in BDNF and depression is a neurobiological happening. BDNF, a neurotrophin, plays an essential role in the functioning and maintenance of the neurons. It helps keep the synapses healthy and functioning. In depression, there may be a compromise in the functioning of the synapses and the entire nervous system. This may lead to structural and functional changes in the nervous system. These changes may be indirectly responsible for mood disorders.
One of the primary causes of depression is stress. Stress is also a direct cause of lowered levels of BDNF. Chronic stress has been associated with reduced expression of the BDNF gene. This highlights the importance of neurotrophins in regulating mood disorders.
What Is the Relationship Between Bipolar Disorder and BDNF?
In bipolar disorder, the relationship with BDNF is more complex. The manic phase of bipolar disorder is associated with elevated BDNF levels, while the depressive phase shows a decrease. This dynamic fluctuation highlights the intricate balance that BDNF maintains in the context of mood regulation.
Certain studies have shown that elevated levels of BDNF are associated with hyperactivity and impulsive behavior. This matches the maniac episodes or the highs of bipolar disorder. On the contrary, a decrease in BDNF levels produces depressive symptoms. These symptoms are also correlative with the lows of a bipolar condition.
What Are the Therapeutic Uses of BDNF?
Various studies that are being undertaken on BDNF and its role in mood disorders have paved the way for its usage as a therapeutic agent. Various research studies are underway that use certain ways to boost BDNF levels and rectify mood disorders. BDNF plays a key role in promoting overall well-being.
The various ways in which BDNF can be used as a therapeutic agent are as follows:
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Usage of BDNF as Antidepressants: Antidepressants such as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) have been shown to increase BDNF levels. It is the alterations in the BDNF levels that are known to cause the antidepressant activities of these medications.
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Exercise as a Neuromodulator: Exercise is known as a great neuromodulator. It has been observed that regular exercise has caused BDNF to be released to its optimum levels. It is also considered a non-pharmacological moderation of mood disorders. Further exploring BDNF-exercise-induced mood regulation can lead to mindfulness and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Mind-Body Practices: Mind-body practices such as practicing mindfulness can be a great regulator of mood disorders. Ancient practices such as meditation and yoga can be beneficial in reducing stress levels. Reduced stress levels can, in turn, be beneficial for lowering mood disorders.
What Is the Way Ahead?
The relationship between BDNF and mood disorders goes much beyond just correlations. However, much research has to go into it to consider it a viable treatment modality. The complexity of the genetic basis of BDNF requires more studies. However, it is vital to study the temporal alterations during mood disorders to understand the role of BDNF.
Conclusion
BDNF's role in mood disorders shows the delicate interplay between neurobiology and mental health. The evolving landscape of research continues to understand the complexities of BDNF and its implications for depression and bipolar disorder. By deciphering the molecular and genetic underpinnings of this relationship, researchers aim to pave the way for more targeted and effective interventions, offering hope to those grappling with the challenges of mood disorders. As the journey of exploration continues, the promise of understanding and harnessing BDNF for mental well-being beckons on the horizon.
