Published on Jul 04, 2020 and last reviewed on Aug 07, 2023 - 4 min read
Abstract
GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease) is a common condition affecting more than half of the world's population at some point in time during their life.
Introduction:
Gastroesophageal reflux disease is a condition in which our food pipe called the esophagus is exposed to acid produced within the stomach. In normal circumstances, our stomach produces approximately 1 liter of acidic juice, which helps to digest food. In normal healthy individuals, this acid does not come in contact with the esophagus, because of the presence of a competent valve called lower esophageal sphincter. The lower esophageal sphincter is produced by a sling of muscle fibers wrapping the lower part of the esophagus at the junction stomach with the food pipe.
A large proportion of patients with GERD present with heartburn, chest pain, and regurgitation of acid into the mouth, altered taste in the mouth in the early morning after one wakes up from sleep, and some other non-specific symptoms such as cough, sore throat, and asthma.
A physician has to have a high level of suspicion to establish a diagnosis of GERD among individuals with chronic symptoms of cough, chest pain, sore throat, and asthma. Initially, this acid reflux could cause simple ulcers, which can respond to acid-suppressant medications, however in the long term, if acidic reflux is not controlled, it could narrow the lumen of the esophagus (peptic strictures) or result in Barrett's esophagus, which is a precancerous condition.
GERD and Barrett's Esophagus:
Barrett's esophagus is a precancerous condition, which means it has the potential to cause cancer in the food pipe. The diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is established on gastroscopy, and after a close examination of the lower part of Barrett's esophagus. The risk of Barrett's esophagus increases with the number of years the patient had GERD. Patients with GERD for many years are at a higher risk of developing Barrett's esophagus. The lifetime risk of developing Barrett's esophagus among patients with GERD is 1 % to 5 %. And approximately 1 % of all those patients with Barrett's esophagus can develop cancer in the food pipe. It is recommended to have surveillance gastroscopy every 1 to 3 years once the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus is established.
The confirmation of the presence of gastroesophageal reflux requires typical symptoms and/or evidence of ulcers on endoscopy, and evidence of acidic exposure to the lower part of the food pipe, by using a specialized test called pH impedance testing and/or SmartPill (PillCam).
After a thorough assessment and evaluation through history, physical examination, and some relevant investigations, patients can be safely started on proton pump inhibitors for a certain duration of time. They can later taper to the minimum dose, which is effective in controlling acid reflux. So, it is always essential to give a trial of proton pump inhibitors to see if it does resolve the patient's symptoms. A close follow-up with a physician is required to evaluate for any improvement after the start of proton pump inhibitors.
In around 30 % of patients, the symptoms of chest pain, heartburn, sore throat, and sore taste of mouth and cough do not improve to a single dose of proton pump inhibitors. Among such patients, a dose-escalation policy is adopted.
Lifestyle Modifications:
If symptoms are more at night, I suggest using an anti-reflux mattress specially designed for patients with GERD and frequent awakening at night due to acidic taste in mouth or heartburn.
There are certain patients who do not respond even to double doses of proton pump inhibitors therapy, and such individuals have refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease. They require a different approach to diagnosis and management.
Conclusion:
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) occurs due to the repeated backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus (a tube that connects the mouth to the stomach). Due to this acid reflux, the lining of the esophagus can get irritated. In patients with GERD, this sphincter, or other words this valve becomes loose and patent, allowing acidic juices from the stomach to flow in a retrograde direction to the lower part of the food pipe, resulting in pain, heartburn, sore throat, sore taste of mouth, bad breath, cough, nausea, and vomiting in some patients. However, it is common for many individuals to experience acid reflux and can be treated with medications and lifestyle modifications.
GERD means gastroesophageal reflux disease. It is a chronic disease in which the stomach contents, generally the acid, get refluxed into the esophagus (food pipe). As a result, this acid irritates and damages the lining of the esophagus.
Step-up therapy is the treatment protocol for GERD reflex, which begins with an eight-week trial of the drug H2RA (histamine H2-receptor antagonists). After that, PPI (proton-pump inhibitors) are prescribed in case of symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation still appear.
GERD is classified into two types based on the endoscopic and histopathologic appearance, which include -
- Recurrent but nonprogressive GERD.
- Progressive GERD.
A systemic disease affects the entire body rather than a single organ or body part. Diseases like high blood pressure or flu affect the whole body. They can involve many tissues, such as nerves, blood vessels, bones, skin, muscles, ligaments, etc.
Proton-pump inhibitors are considered the most effective medication for treating GERD. Some examples of proton-pump inhibitors include Esomeprazole, lansoprazole, Omeprazole, Pantoprazole, Rabeprazole, and Dexlansoprazole.
The goals of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) treatment include -
- To keep the symptoms under control.
- Healing the esophagus from injury or inflammation.
- Prevent any complications, such as Barrett’s esophagus (damage to the lower portion of the esophagus due to acid reflux).
- Preventing the symptoms of GERD from reoccurring so that the daily life of the patient is unaffected.
Some of the following things can be done to prevent acid reflux which includes -
- Drink at least six to eight glasses of filtered water daily.
- Maintain a healthy weight.
- Do not smoke or drink too much alcohol.
- Avoid foods that irritate the stomach and eat smaller, more frequent meals.
GERD is caused due to frequent acid reflux of non-acidic content in the stomach. When a person swallows, a circular band of muscle around the bottom of the esophagus relaxes, which causes the food and liquid to flow into the stomach, and then the sphincter closes again.
There are several grading systems available that are used to evaluate the severity of esophagitis. One of them is the Los Angeles classification system, which lists four grades A, B, C, and D. Grade A means when one or more mucosal breaks of size five millimeters can be seen, not exceeding between the tops of two mucosal folds.
GERD can be easily managed with proper medications. However, if the medications do not help and the patient wants to avoid long-term medication use, a surgical procedure known as fundoplication can be done. In this procedure, the top of the stomach is wrapped around the lower esophagus sphincter to tighten the muscles and prevent reflux.
Stress can be one of the other triggering factors for reflux. Stress can increase acid production in the stomach and aggravate gastroesophageal reflux disease.
Last reviewed at:
07 Aug 2023 - 4 min read
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Medical Gastroenterology
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