Introduction:
The secret to good health is mental fitness. Several mental disorders affect an individual's life and decrease quality. Psychosis and depression are the most common mental disorders. These disorders are treated by antipsychotic and antidepressant medications, respectively.
Before knowing the similarities and differences between antipsychotics and antidepressant medicines, one should thoroughly know what they actually are. This article will provide insight into the details of the same.
What Is Psychosis and Antipsychotic Drugs?
Antipsychotic drugs are medicines that are used to treat a mental condition called psychosis. Psychosis is an altered mental state in which a person sees or hears imaginary things that actually do not exist in reality. This symptom is called hallucination.
Apart from hallucinations, people with psychosis also experience delusions. Delusion is a condition in which a person has false beliefs which show that his or her thoughts are not normal. In addition, the person with a delusion will be strongly convinced that their belief is true even if the evidence contradicts their belief. For example, a delusional person will have false beliefs that someone will hurt or be jealous of them, their spouse is not faithful, etc.
Psychosis can occur in conjunction with other mental illnesses, which are listed below:
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Schizophrenia (a severe mental illness in which patients have an aberrant interpretation of reality).
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Schizoaffective disorder (a long-term mental illness characterized by schizophrenia-like symptoms and mood-related symptoms, such as mania and sadness).
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Some personality disorders (these are groups of mental disorders characterized by rigid and unusual thought, feeling, and behavior patterns).
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Bipolar disorder (long-term mood disorder that results in abrupt changes in mood, energy, and behavior).
Apart from these mental illnesses, psychosis can also be drug-induced and occur as a side effect of long-term intake of corticosteroids, which is usually given to treat autoimmune diseases like idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE), etc.
How Do Antipsychotic Medications Work?
It is believed that dopamine contributes to the development of psychosis. Among the many chemicals present in the brain, dopamine plays a major role in communicating messages between different parts of the brain. When the brain releases an excessive amount of dopamine, it results in psychosis.
Hence, to control psychosis symptoms, the overproduction of dopamine has to be controlled, which is done by these antipsychotic medications. These medicines basically block dopamine receptors present in the brain and bring back the right ratio of dopamine to other brain chemicals. This balancing helps in improving the symptoms.
Antipsychotic medications also affect other chemicals of the brain (neurotransmitters serotonin, noradrenaline, and glutamate), which regulate mood.
It is particularly critical to monitor antipsychotics closely if the patient also suffers from epilepsy, a disorder characterized by seizures and fits.
What Are the Types of Antipsychotic Medicines?
Antipsychotic medicines are of two types:
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Typical or First generation (older) Antipsychotics: These medicines are the older ones that can cause significant neuromuscular side effects. In addition, they can result in drowsiness or movement disorders. Examples are Haloperidol, Chlorpromazine, Flupentixol, Levomepromazine, and Promazine.
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Atypical or Second Generation (newer) Antipsychotics: These medicines are newer, have fewer side effects than typical antipsychotics, and provide a better mood, thoughts, and motivation. However, they may result in weight gain and alteration in blood sugar levels. Examples are Amisulpride, Clozapine, Aripiprazole, Lurasidone, Olanzapine, Quetiapine, and Paliperidone.
What Is Depression and What Are Antidepressant Drugs?
Antidepressants are medicines used to treat clinical depression, the most common and well-known mental illness. In depression, a person constantly feels sad and loses interest in daily activities. Apart from depression, these medicines can be used in the treatment of the following conditions:
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).
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Anxiety disorder.
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Panic disorder.
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Phobia.
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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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Bulimia (eating disorder).
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Neuropathic pain (nerve pain).
What Are the Different Types of Antidepressants?
The different types of antidepressants are listed below:
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs): These medications are the most common type of antidepressant and have fewer side effects. Examples are Fluoxetine, Citalopram, and Sertraline.
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Serotonin-Noradrenaline Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs): These antidepressants are quite similar to SSRIs and are considered more effective than the latter. Examples are Duloxetine and Venlafaxine.
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Noradrenaline and Specific Serotonergic Antidepressants (NASSAs): This type of antidepressant is suitable for individuals who cannot tolerate SSRI group medications. For example, Mirtazapine.
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Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs): These medications are not prescribed regularly because they cause toxicity if taken in overdose. Additionally, they have more side effects than other antidepressants. However, TCAs are prescribed if a person’s symptoms do not improve with other antidepressants. Examples are Amitriptyline, Nortriptyline, Lofepramine, Dosulepin, Clomipramine, and Imipramine.
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Serotonin Antagonists and Reuptake Inhibitors (SARIs): These medications are also not regularly prescribed but are given only when other types of antidepressants either show side effects or are not shown to be effective. An example of this group is Trazodone.
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Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs): They can result in severe side effects; therefore, they are rarely used. Examples are Phenelzine, Isocarboxazid, and Tranylcypromine.
How Do Antidepressant Medications Work?
Neurotransmitters are the brain chemicals that control how the brain functions. Some neurotransmitters like serotonin and noradrenaline are associated with emotions and mood. Antidepressants increase the neurotransmitter levels in the brain and improve depression symptoms. Additionally, some antidepressants may be able to reduce chronic pain because neurotransmitters may also have an impact on the nerves' ability to send pain signals.
Are Antipsychotics the Same as Antidepressants?
No, many people think that antidepressants and antipsychotics are the same medicines. However, this is not true. They both work differently and are used to treat different symptoms.
Key Features of Antipsychotics:
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Antipsychotic medicines control psychosis symptoms but do not treat depression.
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They work by modifying brain chemistry to help lessen psychotic symptoms and prevent them from coming back. However, these medicines cannot completely cure psychosis.
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Rather than eliminating antipsychotic symptoms completely, antipsychotic medications may reduce their intensity so that the person feels better and is able to function more easily and productively. Therefore, they are considered mood relaxants.
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There are alternatives for antipsychotic drugs: cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), family therapy, self-help groups, and rehabilitation.
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Side effects of antipsychotics include tremors (involuntary shaking of limbs), muscle spasms, irregular periods in women, fluid retention, and restlessness.
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The consumption of these medicines with alcohol is prohibited.
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Antipsychotics can be given to pregnant women.
Key Features of Antidepressants:
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Antidepressants improve depression symptoms. They are considered mood uplifters. They relax the person, bring calmness, and bring a good mood by elevating serotonin levels. Apart from this, these medications also help the person to have better sleep and improve their focus and thinking.
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Usually, they are required to treat moderate and severe depression. A milder form of depression can be treated by lifestyle modifications and other psychological therapies like CBT, interpersonal therapy (IPT), counseling, exercise, yoga, and meditation.
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Antidepressants do not cause addictions. However, they have some side effects, including weight gain, abdominal discomfort like diarrhea or constipation, dizziness, blurred vision, loss of appetite, abdominal discomforts, and sweating.
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Antidepressants and alcohol do not go well together as they can be dangerous. Pregnant women are not advised to take antidepressants. In children and teenagers also use of antidepressants is not recommended.
Conclusion:
To conclude, both antipsychotic and antidepressant drugs are used to treat mental illnesses. However, both are specific in treating a disorder. Antipsychotic treats psychosis, whereas antidepressant treats depression. Both cannot be taken with alcohol and have some common side effects like weight gain, dizziness, headaches, dry mouth, and sexual problems. On the contrary, both have different mechanisms of action. Therefore, a psychiatrist can best advise an individual on which drug can improve their symptoms.
