Cystitis - Causes, Symptoms, and Management.

Introduction

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular organ located in the pelvic region of the body. Its primary function is to store urine produced by the kidneys until it is ready to be eliminated from the body through the process of urination. The bladder has a flexible and expandable wall that allows it to accommodate varying volumes of urine. However, the urinary bladder is susceptible to various conditions that can affect its normal functioning.

What Is Cystitis?

Cystitis refers to the inflammation and swelling of the urinary bladder. Women are particularly more susceptible to these infections, and sexual activity can increase the risk. However, even sexually inactive individuals can develop cystitis due to the presence of bacteria in the genital area.

What Are the Types of Cystitis?

There are several types of cystitis, which can be categorized based on their causes or characteristics. Some common types include:

1. Bacterial Cystitis - This is the most common type of cystitis caused by a bacterial infection, typically Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. It occurs when bacteria enter the urinary tract and multiply, leading to inflammation of the bladder.

2. Interstitial Cystitis - This is a chronic inflammation of the bladder, also known as painful bladder syndrome. Its exact cause is unclear, and it primarily affects women. Diagnosis and treatment of this condition can be challenging.

3. Drug-Related Cystitis - Certain medications, such as chemotherapy drugs used to treat cancer, can cause inflammation of the bladder as the drugs are eliminated from the body.

4. Radiation Cystitis - When radiation therapy is administered to the pelvic region, it can lead to inflammatory changes in bladder tissue, resulting in cystitis.

5. Foreign-Body Cystitis - Prolonged use of a catheter increases the likelihood of bacterial infections and tissue damage, leading to bladder inflammation.

6. Chemical Cystitis - Some individuals may have heightened sensitivity to certain chemicals present in products like bubble baths, personal hygiene sprays, or spermicidal jelly. An allergic-type reaction can occur within the bladder, causing inflammation.

7. Cystitis Associated With Underlying Conditions - Cystitis can be a complication of other medical conditions, including diabetes, kidney stones, or an enlarged prostate.

What Are the Symptoms of Cystitis?

The symptoms of cystitis can vary in intensity and presentation among individuals. However, some common signs and symptoms include:

• Even when the bladder is not full, one may feel a strong, persistent urge to urinate. This can lead to an increased frequency of urination.

• Cystitis can cause pain or a burning sensation during urination, known as dysuria. One may also experience lower abdominal pain or discomfort.

• In some cases, cystitis can cause blood to appear in the urine, leading to a condition called hematuria. This may give the urine a pink, red, or cloudy appearance.

• Cystitis can cause changes in urine color, making it appear cloudy. The urine may also have a strong, unpleasant odor.

• Some individuals with cystitis may experience pelvic pressure or discomfort, often located just above the pubic bone.

• One may feel generally unwell, fatigued, or experience a mild fever (typically below 100.4°F or 38°C) as a result of the infection.

How Is Cystitis Diagnosed?

Diagnosis of cystitis involves a basic physical examination along with diagnostic tests to confirm the same.

• Physical Examination - This may be conducted to check for any signs of tenderness or pain in the lower abdomen or bladder area. The doctor may also examine the genital area for any signs of irritation or infection.

• Urine Tests - A urine sample can be collected to check for the presence of bacteria, blood cells, or other signs of infection. This is usually done through a urinalysis, which involves analyzing the physical and chemical properties of the urine.

• Urine Culture - If the urinalysis indicates a possible urinary tract infection, a urine culture may be performed. This test helps identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and determine the most effective antibiotic treatment.

• Cystoscopy - A doctor examines the bladder using a slender tube equipped with a camera and light to assess the bladder's condition visually. Additionally, if necessary, the doctor may obtain a small tissue sample from the bladder for biopsy.

• Imaging Tests - In some cases, if necessary, imaging tests like ultrasound, CT scan, or cystoscopy may be recommended to evaluate the bladder and urinary tract for any abnormalities, such as bladder stones or structural issues.

What Is the Treatment of Cystitis?

The specific treatment approach may depend on the underlying cause of cystitis and the severity of symptoms. Here are some common treatment options:

• Antibiotics - If the cause of cystitis is a bacterial infection, antibiotics are usually prescribed to eliminate the bacteria. The choice of antibiotic depends on the type of bacteria involved and its susceptibility to specific medications.

• Pain Relievers - Pain relievers (Ibuprofen) can help alleviate pain and discomfort, reduce inflammation associated with cystitis, and relieve pain and discomfort during urination.

• Increased Fluid Intake - Drinking plenty of water can help flush out bacteria from the bladder and promote healing. It is generally recommended to drink at least 6-8 glasses of water per day.

• Avoiding Irritants - Avoiding substances like caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, and acidic beverages can help minimize discomfort. Additionally, it is important to refrain from using topical irritants such as genital washes, as they can worsen cystitis symptoms.

• Warm Compresses - Apply a warm compress on the lower abdomen. This helps relieve pain and discomfort associated with cystitis.

• Nerve Stimulation - This is a potential treatment option that involves the use of mild electrical pulses to alleviate pelvic pain. The procedure aims to modulate the nerves involved in bladder control and can provide relief for certain individuals.

• Surgery - Surgery is generally considered as a final option for cystitis, usually when other treatments have been ineffective. However, undergoing surgery does not guarantee complete relief from pain and other symptoms associated with cystitis.

How Can Cystitis Be Prevented?

• Maintain good personal hygiene, especially in the genital area.

• Drink enough water to stay hydrated throughout the day.

• Urinate regularly and avoid holding urine for prolonged periods.

• Empty the bladder before and after sexual activity.

• Minimize consumption of bladder irritants like caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods.

• Wear breathable cotton underwear and avoid tight-fitting clothing.

• Practice safe sex and use condoms.

• Consider cranberry supplements after consulting with a healthcare provider.

• Take regular breaks if you have a sedentary lifestyle to prevent urine stagnation.

• Seek medical attention for recurrent or persistent symptoms of cystitis.

Conclusion

Bladder infections can lead to complications if left untreated, such as kidney infections, which can cause permanent kidney damage. While cystitis can be a troublesome condition, it is usually treatable and rarely leads to complications when addressed promptly and appropriately. Following prescribed treatments and practicing preventive measures, one can effectively manage and prevent cystitis or complications of cystitis.