Polyarthritis - Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Creator: Dr. Vennela. T
Published: 2023-04-20T17:02:15

4 min read

0

Share

Verified data

0

4 min read

Share

Polyarthritis is a joint condition affecting at least five joints in the body. Read the article to learn more about its causes, diagnosis, and treatment.

Written by

Dr. Vennela. T

Medically reviewed by

Dr. Suman Saurabh

April 20, 2023

Contents

Share

Contents

What Is Polyarthritis?
What Are the Types of Polyarthritis?
What Are the Causes of Polyarthritis?
What Are the Symptoms of Polyarthritis?
How Is Polyarthritis Diagnosed?
How Is Polyarthritis Managed?

What Is Polyarthritis?

When at least five joints experience joint inflammation, the condition is referred to as polyarthritis. Although there are numerous probable causes, every individual will experience symptoms differently. Acute episodes of polyarthritis can occur, or it might develop into a chronic condition that lasts longer than six weeks. Several viral infections can be followed by polyarthritis. It might progress into a particular autoimmune condition, like Sjogren's syndrome, lupus, or rheumatoid arthritis. But normally it vanishes and does not happen again.

What Are the Types of Polyarthritis?

The doctor will categorize the polyarthritis as inflammatory or noninflammatory depending on what is causing it.

Inflammatory Polyarthritis: The affected joints experience inflammation as a result of inflammatory polyarthritis. It will cause symptoms including warmth, redness, and swelling close to the joints. It is more likely to be brought on by an infection or autoimmune condition.
Non-inflammatory Polyarthritis: It does not result in joint swelling. The cartilage that cushions the joints degenerates over time, which is more likely to result in osteoarthritis or other types of "wear and tear" that affect the joints.

What Are the Causes of Polyarthritis?

An acute illness or an autoimmune condition may be the cause of polyarthritis. It happens when the body's joints are inflamed. If the underlying inflammatory illness flares up, symptoms may become more severe or continue to be persistent.

1. Autoimmune Diseases: Autoimmune diseases are most frequently to blame for polyarthritis. In autoimmune illnesses, the immune system incorrectly targets its own cells and tissues. Although their causes are not fully understood, autoimmune disorders have substantial hereditary and environmental components. The following autoimmune diseases are most frequently linked to polyarthritis:

Gout - It is a kind of arthritis marked by abrupt, intense flare-ups of pain and inflammation in the joints, most frequently the big toe.
Lupus - It is a long-lasting autoimmune (body’s immune system attacking its own cells) condition that can harm any organ or tissue, including the skin, joints, heart, brain, lungs, and kidneys.
Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis - It is the most prevalent kind of long-lasting or chronic arthritis affecting kids.
Psoriatic Arthritis - A kind of arthritis that some people with psoriasis (a condition that creates red patches of skin covered with silvery scales) experience.
Rheumatoid Arthritis - A degenerative, chronic condition that affects the joints and progresses over time, leading to painful deformity and immobility, particularly in the fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles.
Sarcoidosis - A condition marked by the development of small clusters of inflammatory cells (granulomas) anywhere in the body, most frequently in the lymph nodes and lungs. But, it can also harm the heart, skin, eyes, and other organs.
Scleroderma - A long-lasting, autoimmune connective tissue condition that alters internal organs, blood vessels, and skin as a result of excessive collagen formation.
Sjogren's Syndrome - A dysfunction of the immune system characterized by dry mouth and eyes.

2. Diseases: Polyarthritis can also occur as part of an acute illness such as:

Rheumatic Fever - An inflammatory condition that arises from untreated Streptococcal A infections such as strep throat, scarlet fever, and cellulitis.
Alpha viral infections, including the Ross river virus, Chikungunya virus, and Mayaro virus.
Dengue.
Zika.
Hepatitis.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
Cytomegalovirus (CMV).

What Are the Symptoms of Polyarthritis?

The symptoms of polyarthritis are:

Pain.
Stiffness.
Swelling or redness in the affected area.
Rashes.
Tiredness (weakness) or a lack of energy.
A very high temperature of 100.4 ºF (38 ºC) or above.
Sweating.
Lack of appetite.
Unexpected weight loss.

How Is Polyarthritis Diagnosed?

If there is any joint discomfort or swelling, consult a doctor. If a person develops arthritic symptoms in at least five joints, physicians often refer to this condition as polyarthritis. In addition to the physical examination, the doctor or physician will examine the medical history. Also, they could request X-rays, an ultrasound of the joints, and blood testing. The doctor will check for:

Rashes.
Skin nodules.
Sore throat (pharyngitis).
Lymph node enlargement.
Swelling in lower extremities.

Also, they will search for symmetrical or asymmetrical patterns in the pain. When arthritis pain develops on both sides of the body, it is said to be symmetrical. For instance, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients frequently suffer symptoms in both hands. Asymmetrical symptoms are consequently experienced by those who have psoriatic arthritis; they may, for instance, only have symptoms in one knee joint.

1. Blood Tests: To help focus on a diagnosis, blood work can be required. Typical RA screening tests include

Test for rheumatoid factor.
The antibody test for the cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP).

The healthcare professional may also examine the blood for the following things:

Anemia.
An increase in white blood cells.
Increasing platelets.
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP) elevations are two indicators of inflammation.

To search for antibodies linked to particular autoimmune illnesses, serology testing may also be beneficial. If an infectious cause is thought to be the problem, the healthcare professional will additionally perform a virus test.

2. Imaging Tests: Depending on the alleged cause, X-rays, a musculoskeletal ultrasound, an MRI, and a joint fluid analysis (also known as arthrocentesis) may be beneficial.

How Is Polyarthritis Managed?

The management of symptoms and reduction of inflammation are part of the treatment for polyarthritis.

1. Medication:

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Medicines, Or NSAIDs: Work by limiting the enzymes and proteins that cause inflammation to reduce swelling and relieve pain.
Corticosteroids: These medications reduce inflammation by inhibiting the defense mechanism. When polyarthritis results from an auto protective illness, corticosteroids are especially beneficial.
Hydroxychloroquine: This mild immune modulator drug reduces inflammation.
Disease-Modifying Antirheumatic Drugs: These drugs, referred to as DMARDs, also weaken the immune system. To treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA), DMARDs would be utilized.
Anti-TNF drugs: If DMARDs alone were ineffective at treating the pain associated with Still's disease or rheumatoid arthritis (RA), anti-TNF medications would be utilized to decrease inflammation.

2. Physical Exercise: Patients are recommended stretches and exercises by the doctor or physical therapist to widen the range of motion and build up the muscles around the injured joint.

3. Injections: Direct corticosteroid or viscosupplementation (a treatment in which hyaluronate, a viscous fluid, is injected into the knee joint) injections into the joints are necessary for some persons.

4. Arthroplasty: Arthroplasty is the surgical replacement of a joint. The healthcare professional replaces a damaged joint with an artificial joint during the surgery. Metal, ceramic, or robust plastic can be used to make the artificial joint (prosthesis). The artificial joint works similarly to the original joint and has a comparable appearance.

5. Home Remedies: Warming treatments can provide symptom relief for a while. They consist of:

Hot baths.
Warming mitts.
Topical over-the-counter (OTC) medications like Aspercreme, Diclofenac sodium, Diclofenac, Arnica, and Capsaicin supplements.

Conclusion:

Finding the etiology of polyarthritis is essential for receiving the right care and alleviating symptoms. It is crucial to rule out any potential underlying cancers and diagnose any infectious or autoimmune causes. Working with the healthcare provider will help identify the root of the joint pain because this symptom can have a variety of causes.

Frequently Asked Questions

1. How Many Joints Are Affected by Polyarthritis?

Polyarthritis is a joint condition characterized by the involvement of a minimum of five joints. These affected joints typically display one or more signs of inflammation, including pain, limited mobility, swelling, warmth, and redness. When pain is the sole symptom, distinguishing polyarthritis from conditions causing polyarticular joint pain (PJP) like fibromyalgia or osteoarthritis can be challenging. This condition can affect small and large joints throughout the body, leading to joint pain, stiffness, and swelling.

2. What Is the Duration of Polyarthritis?

When polyarthritis resolves within a timeframe of fewer than six weeks, it falls under the category of acute polyarthritis. Conversely, if the symptoms persist beyond six weeks, it raises suspicion of chronic polyarthritis. Acute polyarthritis is often linked to viral infections, while in cases of chronic polyarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is among the more probable diagnoses.

3. What Dietary Recommendations Are There for Polyarthritis?

There is no one-size-fits-all diet for polyarthritis, but a balanced and anti-inflammatory diet is often recommended to manage symptoms. This typically includes foods rich in omega-3 fatty acids (found in fish), antioxidants (found in fruits and vegetables), and whole grains. Various nutrients, including polyunsaturated fatty acids, possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that are protective in developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Conversely, certain dietary components like red meat and salt can harm RA. Alterations in gut microbiota and changes in body composition represent indirect mechanisms through which diet can impact the onset and progression of arthritis.

4. Is There a Permanent Cure for Polyarthritis?

Polyarthritis is generally not considered curable in the traditional sense, but it is manageable. Treatment aims to control inflammation, alleviate symptoms, and improve the patient's quality of life. Medications, lifestyle modifications, and physical therapy are often used to achieve this. While there may not be a permanent cure, many individuals with polyarthritis can lead fulfilling lives with proper management and care.

5. What Is the Alternate Name for Polyarthritis?

An alternate name for polyarthritis is ‘polyarticular arthritis.’ Both terms are used interchangeably to describe a condition simultaneously characterized by inflammation in multiple joints. Polyarthralgia, on the other hand, refers to pain in multiple joints without significant swelling or inflammation. It is characterized by joint pain but does not necessarily involve joint damage or inflammation, as in polyarthritis.

6. What Is the Nature of Immune-Related Polyarthritis?

In dogs, immune-mediated (noninfectious) non-erosive polyarthritis (IMPA) is the most prevalent polyarticular ailment. This condition is thought to arise from the deposition of immune complexes within the synovial tissues, leading to sterile synovitis. Clinical manifestations include reluctance to walk, stiffness, lameness, and joint swelling. While systemic symptoms may be absent, they can also manifest, including fever, loss of appetite, and multisystemic issues such as dermatitis and hemolytic anemia. In some cases, only systemic signs may be apparent.

7. Are There Any Preventive Strategies for Polyarthritis?

Preventing polyarthritis primarily involves managing underlying risk factors and maintaining a healthy lifestyle. While some forms of polyarthritis, like autoimmune arthritis, may not be entirely preventable, individuals can reduce their risk by avoiding smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and engaging in regular exercise. Additionally, protecting joints from injuries and infections can help prevent polyarthritis.

8. Which Virus Is Responsible for Polyarthritis?

The most frequent manifestation of viral arthritis is acute-onset polyarticular arthritis. Viruses responsible for causing arthritis or arthralgias commonly include parvovirus, alphaviruses, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and tropical viruses like Zika and chikungunya (CHIKV). Confirming the diagnosis can be challenging, but it should be taken into consideration for all patients who present with sudden-onset polyarticular symptoms. Although viral infections account for a relatively small portion of all cases of acute arthritis, distinguishing virally induced arthritis from primary rheumatological conditions holds significant clinical importance.

9. What Are Some Exercise Options for Managing Polyarthritis?

Exercises for polyarthritis should be tailored to the individual's condition and capabilities. Generally, low-impact exercises like swimming, walking, and cycling can help maintain joint flexibility and muscle strength without putting excessive stress on the joints. Range-of-motion exercises and gentle stretching can also be beneficial. Individuals with polyarthritis must consult with a physical therapist or healthcare provider to create a personalized exercise plan that considers their specific symptoms and limitations.

10. Can Polyarthritis Be Transmitted From One Person to Another?

Arthritis is not contagious. Contagious diseases are those that can be transmitted from one person to another through contact with an infected individual's bodily fluids or objects they have touched. Arthritis, however, is neither contagious nor infectious. However, if an infection like viral arthritis is the cause, the underlying infection may be contagious, but the arthritis itself is not transmissible from person to person.

11. What Are the Treatment Methods for Infectious Polyarthritis?

The treatment of infectious polyarthritis primarily depends on identifying and addressing the underlying infection. This may involve antibiotics for bacterial infections or antiviral medications for viral infections. Pain management and anti-inflammatory drugs can help alleviate joint symptoms. Rest and joint protection are also essential during the acute phase of infectious polyarthritis. Treating septic arthritis involves a combination of antimicrobial therapy and the drainage of joint fluid, which can be achieved through procedures like arthroscopy or daily needle aspiration. Immediate initiation of empiric intravenous antimicrobial therapy is crucial after completing the joint aspiration and obtaining cultures. Empiric antibiotic coverage includes antistaphylococcal medications (such as Nafcillin, Oxacillin, or Vancomycin) and applies to individuals of all age groups and risk categories.

12. Does Polyarthritis Fall Under the Category of Inflammatory Arthritis?

Yes, polyarthritis is a type of inflammatory arthritis. Inflammatory arthritis refers to a group of conditions characterized by inflammation in the joints. Polyarthritis specifically involves inflammation in multiple joints simultaneously. In the affected joints, one or more indicators of inflammation are observable, including sensations of pain, limited mobility, swelling, increased warmth, and redness.

13. What Does the Term ‘Migratory Polyarthritis’ Refer To?

Migratory polyarthritis is a form of polyarthritis where joint inflammation moves or shifts from one joint to another over time. This pattern of joint involvement can be seen in various conditions, including certain infections like Lyme disease and some autoimmune diseases. Migratory polyarthritis is characterized by the transient nature of joint symptoms, which may affect different joints at different times.

14. Is Immune-Mediated Polyarthritis a Condition That Can Occur in Humans?

Yes, immune-mediated polyarthritis is a condition that can affect both dogs and humans. It is characterized by the immune system mistakenly attacking joint tissues, leading to joint inflammation and pain. While the specific causes and manifestations of immune-mediated polyarthritis may differ between the two species, the underlying mechanism involving immune system dysfunction is a shared feature in both dogs and humans.

Sources

Dr. Suman Saurabh

Orthopedician and Traumatology

Rate this article

Tags:

polyarthritis arthritis

Do you have a question on

arthritis

Ask a doctor online

*guaranteed answer within 4 hours

Disclaimer: No content published on this website is intended to be a substitute for professional medical diagnosis, advice or treatment by a trained physician. Seek advice from your physician or other qualified healthcare providers with questions you may have regarding your symptoms and medical condition for a complete medical diagnosis. Do not delay or disregard seeking professional medical advice because of something you have read on this website. Read our Editorial Process to know how we create content for health articles and queries.