Overview

Carvedilol is a medicine for high blood pressure and heart failure. It is also used to improve survival rates following a heart attack in cases where the heart fails to pump efficiently. It helps reduce blood pressure, heart rate, and cardiac stress by suppressing some of the body's endogenous chemicals, such as adrenaline. This medication belongs to a class of drugs known as beta- and alpha-blockers. Carvedilol lowers high blood pressure and reduces the risk of heart attacks, strokes, and renal issues. The United States Food and Drug Administration (US-FDA) approved Carvedilol on March 27, 2003.

Drug Group:

Carvedilol is a medication that falls into the category of beta blockers. These medications work by slowing down the heartbeat, which facilitates the heart's job of pumping blood throughout the body. Carvedilol also widens some blood vessels by acting as an alpha-blocker. In other words, it increases blood flow and makes the heart function more effectively.

Indications:

Three primary uses exist for the medication Carvedilol:

Heart Failure: It is recommended for patients with any kind of persistent heart failure, regardless of severity. To increase survival and lower the likelihood of hospitalization, this is usually taken in addition to other drugs such as diuretics, ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors, and Digitalis.
Care After a Heart Attack: Patients with a specific cardiac disease (left ventricular dysfunction) who have survived the acute phase of a heart attack are also administered Carvedilol. Here, the objective is to improve overall cardiovascular survival while reducing the chance of developing new cardiac problems.
Hypertension or High Blood Pressure: It is used for the treatment of hypertension. Carvedilol can be used alone or in conjunction with other medications, particularly Thiazide-type diuretics, to help decrease blood pressure.

Contraindications:

The following situations call for the avoidance of Carvedilol:

Related bronchospastic disorders, such as bronchial asthma (breathing issues like asthma linked to spasms in lung air passages). There have been documented cases of status asthmaticus (severe asthma attack not responding to usual treatment) deaths after a single Carvedilol dosage.
AV (arterioventricular) block of the second or third degree (disrupted heart's electrical signals, with the third degree being more severe).
Sick sinus syndrome (a malfunction of the heart's natural pacemaker, causing rhythm issues).
Severe Bradycardia - low heart rate (in the absence of a permanent pacemaker).
Individuals requiring intravenous inotropic treatment (strong heart medications through the vein for severe heart failure) due to decompensated heart failure or cardiogenic shock. Prior to starting Carvedilol, such patients should be weaned off of intravenous medication.
Individuals with significant liver damage.
Individuals who have experienced a severe hypersensitivity reaction (extreme immune response to a substance) in the past to any part of this drug or other drugs containing Carvedilol, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome (serious skin reaction), anaphylactic reaction (life-threatening allergic response), or angioedema (swelling beneath the skin).

Dosage Forms and Available Strengths:

Carvedilol tablets are available in various strengths, with easy-to-identify markings on each:

3.125 mg (Milligrams): Seek out an oval, white tablet with the numbers ‘39’ and ‘SB’ inscribed on it.
6.25 mg: The numbers ‘4140’ and ‘SB’ are inscribed on this oval white tablet.
12.5 mg: This strength's white oval tablet has the markings ‘4141’ and ‘SB.’
25 mg: ‘4142’ and ‘SB’ are engraved on the white, oval tablet for this strength.

For Patients

What Are Hypertension and Heart Failure?

Hypertension: Hypertension, often known as high blood pressure, is a medical disorder where the blood pressure exerted on the arterial walls is consistently too high. The condition may put excessive strain on the heart and blood vessels, which may result in major health complications like heart disease, stroke, and renal (kidney) problems. As it may not show any signs, hypertension is sometimes referred to as the ‘silent killer’ because it greatly raises the risk of several cardiovascular problems.
Heart Failure: Heart failure is a persistent medical condition characterized by the heart's inability to adequately pump blood to fulfill the body's demands. It indicates that the heart is not beating as hard as it should, not that it has stopped beating altogether. Heart failure can be caused by a number of cardiovascular disorders, including coronary artery disease (major blood arteries in the heart are damaged or diseased), difficulties with the heart valves, and high blood pressure. Leg swelling, exhaustion, shortness of breath, and trouble carrying out daily tasks are all typical signs of heart failure. Medication, alterations to lifestyle, and occasionally surgical procedures are all part of management and treatment plans.

What Are the Clinical Uses of Carvedilol?

Carvedilol is primarily used to treat two conditions: excessive blood pressure and heart failure, which is caused by inadequate heart pumping capacity. Additionally, it may increase one's chances of surviving a heart attack. Carvedilol is a member of the beta-blocker pharmacological class. It functions by relaxing blood vessels and reducing heart rate, both of which enhance blood flow and decrease blood pressure.

High blood pressure is a frequent condition that can damage the kidneys, heart, brain, blood vessels, and more if left untreated. Serious illnesses like heart disease, heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, eyesight loss, and other issues can result from this damage. In order to control blood pressure, lifestyle modifications are just as crucial as taking the medicine. A balanced diet that is low in fat and salt, keeping a healthy weight, regular exercise, quitting smoking, and reducing alcohol consumption are some of these adjustments.

How Should Carvedilol Be Used?

For oral use, Carvedilol is available as extended-release capsules and tablets. The extended-release capsule should be taken once a day in the morning with food, while the tablet should normally be taken twice a day with meals. Following a regular daily regimen is crucial when taking Carvedilol. Pay close attention to the instructions on the prescription label. If there are any questions, ask a pharmacist or doctor. Patients must adhere to the recommended dosage and frequency guidelines when taking Carvedilol; they do not increase or decrease it.

When taking the extended-release capsules, it is recommended to consume them whole without crushing or chewing. Avoid splitting up a capsule's beads into many doses. If one has trouble swallowing the capsules, open one and sprinkle the beads over a tablespoon of room temperature or chilled applesauce. Chew less, consume the entire mixture right away.

Usually, the doctor will begin Carvedilol therapy with a low dose and increase it gradually to allow the body to adjust. Inform the physician about any symptoms one may experience during this time, as well as how they are feeling.

Carvedilol does not cure the illness; it just helps people manage it. Even if one feels good, one must stick to the recommended course of action and only cease after talking to the doctor first. Abruptly stopping Carvedilol use might cause serious heart problems, like irregular heartbeat, heart attack, or chest pain. If the doctor wants to lower the dose, it will probably happen gradually throughout one to two weeks. The doctor will continue to closely watch the patient, and it might be best to avoid physically demanding activities during this period of adjustment.

What Is the Prescribed Dosage and Method of Administration For Carvedilol?

To maximize Carvedilol’s performance:

Take With Food: In order to minimize the absorption of Carvedilol and reduce the likelihood of experiencing dizziness upon standing up, it is advised to take it with food.
Medication for Heart Failure: During the dosage adjustment phase, a physician must closely monitor and customize the dosage. If tolerated, a low starting dose of 3.125 mg twice daily may be gradually increased over many weeks. If problems arise, the dosage could be reduced.
Management of Side Effects: There may be some lightheadedness or dizziness, especially at first. It is advisable to refrain from potentially dangerous activities like driving during these times. The doctor may change the dosage or temporarily stop taking other medications if there are any side effects.
Fluid Retention and Worsening Heart Failure: The dosage of the diuretic may be raised if there is fluid retention or if the symptoms of heart failure get worse. It is not advisable to raise the Carvedilol dosage until these symptoms have subsided.
Hypertension Treatment: Depending on blood pressure readings, the initial dose for treating high blood pressure is typically 6.25 mg twice daily. One can see the entire effect in seven to 14 days. No more than 50 mg should be taken in total per day.
Liver Problems: One should stay away from Carvedilol if they have serious liver issues.

What Are the Side Effects of Carvedilol?

Carvedilol’s adverse effects are possible. Inform the doctor if one experiences any of these symptoms, regardless of how severe they are:

Eye dryness.
Joint pain.
Dizziness.
Vision changes.
Nausea.
Weakness.
Cough.
Headache.
Runny or stuffy nose.
Vomiting.
Exhaustion.
Trouble settling down or remaining asleep.
Diarrhea.
Tiredness.
Tingling, burning, or numbness in the legs or arms.

There could be dangerous consequences. Speak with the physician right away if one is feeling:

Chest ache.
Passing out.
Breathlessness.
A slow or irregular heartbeat.
Weight increase.
Swelling in the hands, arms, feet, ankles, or lower legs.
Hives.
Rash.
Itching.
Face, lip, tongue, or throat swelling.
Breathing and swallowing difficulties.

There could be more adverse effects from Carvedilol. Notify the physician of any unexpected side effects while using this medicine.

What Are the Things to Inform the Doctor Before Taking Carvedilol?

Interaction With Other Products: It is important to be informed of any possible interactions with other products before beginning to use Carvedilol. Carvedilol's effectiveness may be impacted by certain over-the-counter or herbal products, such as St. John's Wort. Before taking Carvedilol, let the pharmacist and doctor know so they can provide the right advice.
Ingredients and Allergies: Tell the doctor and pharmacist about any known allergies before starting Carvedilol. This covers allergies to any of the substances in Carvedilol tablets and capsules, other drugs, or the drug itself. Asking the pharmacist for a list of these substances will help to clarify things further.
Medications and Medical History: It is critical to be open about drug history and general health. Inform medical professionals about all prescribed and over-the-counter drugs, vitamins, herbal remedies, and dietary supplements that the patient presently takes. Furthermore, let them know about any current or previous medical disorders, including diabetes, asthma, heart failure, irregular heartbeat, liver illness, blood flow problems, and a history of allergic reactions.
Pregnancy and Surgery: Before beginning Carvedilol, let the doctor know if an individual is pregnant, intends to become pregnant, or is nursing a baby. It is also crucial to let the appropriate medical personnel know that Carvedilol will be used before any scheduled dental work, surgeries, or interventions on the eyes.
Adverse Reaction: It is essential to comprehend the possible adverse effects of Carvedilol in order to use it safely. Feelings of fatigue, lightheadedness, or dizziness may be brought on by this medicine, particularly during the first few days of treatment or during dose modifications. Individuals should avoid doing things like operating machinery or driving during this time, especially in the first hour after taking Carvedilol. When moving from a lying to a standing position, take it slowly to reduce the chance of dizziness.
Hypoglycemia Risk: Using Carvedilol may make hypoglycemia (low blood glucose) more likely. Notify the doctor right away if one is having trouble eating or drinking or if anyone has to vomit while taking Carvedilol.
Deteriorating Hypersensitivity Reactions: People who have previously experienced allergic reactions should exercise caution because Carvedilol may make them worse. Furthermore, during such responses, regular injection doses of Epinephrine could not offer the usual relief.
Contact Lenses and Dry Eyes: It is important to know that Carvedilol medication can cause dry eyes in contact lens wearers. Report any discomfort right away to the doctor so they can provide the patient with the right advice and treatment.

Dietary Consideration: The patient should stick to the usual diet unless the doctor advises otherwise.

Storage: Keep this medication out of children's reach, tightly closed, and in its original container. It needs to be kept out of direct sunlight and dampness at room temperature. To keep it effective, keep it out of the bathroom. Since some medicine containers cannot be child-resistant, it is important to store all prescriptions where kids cannot see or access them.

Disposal: Make sure no pets, kids, or other individuals accidentally consume any leftover medication before discarding it. This drug should not be flushed down the toilet.

Missed Dose: If a dose is missed, the patient should take it as soon as remembered. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, one should skip the missed one and continue with the regular dosing schedule. One should avoid taking a double dose to compensate for the missed one.

Overdose: Always call the poison control helpline if someone takes too much of this medication. Call the emergency helpline immediately if the person has passed out, experienced a seizure, is having difficulty breathing, or is unable to wake up. A slow heartbeat, lightheadedness, fainting, dyspnea (shortness of breath), coughing or wheezing, vomiting, unconsciousness, and convulsions are some symptoms of overdosing.

For Doctors

Pharmacodynamics:

Heart Failure: Carvedilol is a medicine used to treat heart failure, yet its exact mechanism of action is unknown. Research has demonstrated that it lowers blood pressure, strengthens the heart, and has favorable impacts on several heart-related metrics. It raises the volume of blood the heart pumps in those who have heart failure.
Hypertension or High Blood Pressure: It is unclear exactly how Carvedilol lowers blood pressure. It lowers blood pressure by lessening blood channel resistance and the heart's output. It also influences several hormones involved in controlling blood pressure and raises a chemical that aids in the body's elimination of water and salt. Standing may result in a reduction in blood pressure when using Carvedilol, particularly in the early phases of the treatment. Although it is less frequent when the drug is taken with food, this can cause dizziness. Thus, Carvedilol effectively lowers blood pressure without adversely affecting other body processes.

Mechanism of Action: Carvedilol is composed of two sections, S(-) and R(+), which are combinations of many forms. The S(-) portion functions by selectively inhibiting specific receptors known as beta-adrenoreceptors. However, the alpha-1-adrenergic receptors, a different kind of receptor, are blocked by both the R(+) and S(-) portions, and they do so equally strongly. It is significant to note that sympathetic nerves, which are involved in the body's fight-or-flight response, are not replicated by any built-in activity in Carvedilol. In simple words, Carvedilol has parts that support the regulation of specific bodily receptors; on the other hand, it does not directly excite these receptors.

Pharmacokinetics:

Bioavailability and Absorption: After oral administration, Carvedilol is well absorbed into the bloodstream; however, only between 25 and 35 percent of the drug enters the bloodstream because of extensive liver processing. The absorption rate decreases when food is consumed, protecting against sharp reductions in blood pressure when standing.
Elimination and Metabolism: After being absorbed, Carvedilol is extensively broken down, with just over two percent eliminated in urine and around seven percent remaining intact in the bloodstream. Most metabolites are excreted in feces by the bile system.
Active Metabolites: When Carvedilol breaks down, active metabolites that have less of an impact on blood vessels than the original medication are created. They are found in the blood in quantities that are about a tenth of that of Carvedilol.
Genetic Variables and Enantiomers: Genetic factors affect the body's processing of Carvedilol, which exists in multiple forms (enantiomers). The length of time that each form remains in the body is mostly determined by liver enzymes, particularly CYP2D6 (cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily D member 6).
Distribution and Protein Binding: Mostly through albumin, more than 98 percent of Carvedilol binds to plasma proteins. Because of this property, Carvedilol is able to circulate throughout the body rather than just in the blood.
Half-Life and Clearance: Carvedilol is eliminated by the body between 500 and 700 mL (milliliters) per minute. Carvedilol's apparent mean terminal elimination half-life, or the amount of time it takes for the drug's levels in the body to decrease by half, is seven to ten hours.

Overdose: Overdosing on Carvedilol can result in serious side effects, including shock, low blood pressure, slow heartbeat, heart failure, and even cardiac arrest. Breathing problems, bronchospasms, vomiting, unconsciousness, and seizures are possible further problems. It is imperative to lay the patient down, monitor them constantly, and administer critical care if an overdose happens. Atropine may be used to treat severe bradycardia, sympathomimetics or Glucagon may be used to maintain cardiovascular function, and Noradrenaline or Adrenaline may be used, if needed, to promote peripheral vasodilation. A pacemaker might be required if bradycardia is persistent. Diazepam or Clonazepam can be used to treat seizures, and beta-sympathomimetics or Aminophylline can be used for bronchospasms. It is crucial to remember that antidote therapy should be continued for some time, equivalent to the half-life of Carvedilol, which is seven to ten hours, in severe cases when shock symptoms remain. Even with large dosages, reported overdose cases have typically responded favorably to basic supportive care.

Drug Interactions:

Inhibitors of CYP2D6 and Ineffective Metabolizers: The blood levels of one component (the R(+) enantiomer) of Carvedilol may rise when it is used with potent CYP2D6 enzyme inhibitors, such as Quinidine, Fluoxetine, Paroxetine, and Propafenone. The blood vessel dilating effects of this particular portion of Carvedilol may cause increased dizziness during dosage increases in individuals whose CYP2D6 metabolism is impaired.
Agents Hypotensive: When taking Carvedilol, a beta-blocker, with medications that reduce catecholamines (such as Reserpine and monoamine oxidase inhibitors), be aware of any symptoms of low blood pressure or slowed heart rate. Low blood pressure and a slowed heart rate can also result from Clonidine combined with a beta-blocker. If there is a need to quit both, it is advised to cease the beta-blocker first and then cut back on Clonidine progressively over a few days.
Use of Cyclosporine: Patients receiving kidney transplants who are on Cyclosporine may see a rise in blood Cyclosporine levels if they begin Carvedilol medication. It is advised to monitor, and certain people may require Cyclosporine dosage modifications.
Glycosides of Digitalis: Combining beta-blockers and Digitalis glycosides might cause a decrease in heart rate and atrioventricular conduction, which raises the possibility of bradycardia. When starting, changing, or terminating Carvedilol, regular monitoring is advised, as Digoxin levels increase somewhat when used with Carvedilol.
Factors That Promote or Inhibit Hepatic Metabolism: Cimetidine raises exposure to Carvedilol without changing peak levels; however, Rifampin dramatically lowers Carvedilol levels.
Amiodarone: The CYP2C9 inhibitor Amiodarone can increase the levels of the S(-)-enantiomer of Carvedilol. Combining these medications should be done with caution, as it may further impede cardiac conduction or heart rate. It is important to keep an eye out for any signs of bradycardia or heart block, particularly when combining one medication with another already prescribed.
Inhibitors of Calcium Channels: Rarely conduction abnormalities with hemodynamic compromise have been reported when Carvedilol is administered with Diltiazem. It is advised to keep an eye on blood pressure and ECG when using Carvedilol in conjunction with certain calcium channel blockers, such as Diltiazem or Verapamil.
Oral Hypoglycemics or Insulin: Beta-blockers, such as Carvedilol, have the potential to amplify the effects of Insulin and oral hypoglycemics on decreasing blood sugar levels. Patients on Insulin or oral hypoglycemics are recommended to regularly check their blood glucose levels.
Painkillers: Use caution while administering anesthetics that impair cardiac function, such as Ether, Cyclopropane, and Trichloroethylene, if one is continuing Carvedilol treatment throughout the surgery. Extra caution is required to prevent problems.

Clinical Studies:

Heart Failure: In an in-depth study involving 6,975 patients with moderate-to-severe heart failure, Carvedilol showed noteworthy benefits. Carvedilol dramatically slowed the course of heart failure in trials aimed at patients with mild-to-moderate heart failure and demonstrated improvements in functional metrics. Comparing immediate-release Metoprolol to the COMET trial, all-cause mortality was found to be 16 percent lower. Over a median follow-up of 10 months, Carvedilol demonstrated a noteworthy 35 percent reduction in all-cause mortality in severe heart failure, with consistent favorable effects observed across subgroups. These results highlight the potential advantages of Carvedilol in heart failure therapy by lowering mortality and slowing the course of heart failure.

Hypertension: In tests on hypertension, COREG significantly lowered blood pressure by approximately 9/5.5 mm Hg (millimeters of mercury) at 50 mg (milligrams) and 7.5/3.5 mm Hg at 25 mg when taken at doses of 12.5 to 50 mg daily. The blood pressure response's trough-to-peak ratio was almost 65 percent. At 50 mg per day, the heart rate dropped by about 7.5 beats per minute. Based on gender or age, there were no appreciable variations in the responses. HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) measures in a trial with people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension showed that Carvedilol did not negatively impact glycemic management when combined with an ACE inhibitor or angiotensin-receptor blocker.

Warnings and Precautions:

Therapy Cessation: Avoid stopping Carvedilol abruptly if an individual is using it to treat coronary artery disease. Heart attacks, abnormal heartbeats, or severe angina could result after an abrupt stop. It is safest to withdraw Carvedilol gradually throughout one to two weeks, even if patients are using it for heart failure or hypertension. It is advised to briefly resume Carvedilol if angina gets worse or acute coronary insufficiency manifests. This precaution is due to the prevalence of coronary artery disease and the potential unwiseness of terminating Carvedilol suddenly.
Bradycardia: In certain individuals, Carvedilol may result in bradycardia or a slowed heart rate. Reduce the dosage if the pulse falls below 55 beats per minute.
Low Blood Pressure: Some Carvedilol users suffered low blood pressure and dizziness during clinical trials, particularly during the first 30 days. One way to lessen the chance of dizziness is to start with a modest dose, take it with meals, and gradually increase the dosage. Driving is one activity where caution is necessary, particularly in the early stages of treatment.
Fluid Retention and Heart Failure: There may be episodes of worsening heart failure or fluid retention when the Carvedilol dosage is adjusted for heart failure. This can be managed by increasing the diuretics and delaying the Carvedilol dose until stability returns. While it may occasionally be necessary to temporarily reduce or cease utilizing Carvedilol, these instances do not always prevent one from using it successfully in the future.
Bronchospasm Without Allergies: It is usually not advised to use beta-blockers like Carvedilol if one has bronchospastic disorders like emphysema or chronic bronchitis. Nonetheless, it is advised to use the lowest effective dose when necessary.
Type 2 Diabetes Glycemic Management: Carvedilol may have an impact on low blood sugar symptoms, especially an accelerated heart rate. If one uses Carvedilol and has diabetes, it is crucial to keep an eye on the blood glucose levels. In certain circumstances, Carvedilol may cause hyperglycemia to worsen.
Distinctive Vascular Illness: Caution is advised for those with peripheral vascular disease since beta-blockers such as Carvedilol can exacerbate symptoms of decreased arterial blood flow.
Renal Function Deterioration: Although it seldom occurs, Carvedilol use in heart failure patients may exacerbate renal dysfunction. Individuals with heart illness, low blood pressure, or kidney issues are at risk. Normal kidney function normally resumes after Carvedilol is stopped. When using Carvedilol, it is critical to keep an eye on kidney function if one has any of these risk factors. The doctor might lower the dosage or stop the drug if the kidney function deteriorates.
Major Medical Procedures: One should not stop using beta-blockers, such as Carvedilol, right before major surgery if one takes them frequently. Regularly stopping these medications can raise the risks related to anesthesia and surgery, even though they may have an impact on how the heart reacts to stress during the procedure.
Hyperthyroidism: Using beta-blockers may conceal symptoms, such as a rapid heartbeat, of an overactive thyroid. Abruptly discontinuing beta-blockers may exacerbate hyperactive thyroid symptoms or even result in a thyroid storm, a dangerous illness.
Pheochromocytoma: When starting any beta-blocker, such as Carvedilol, it is commonly advised to start with an alpha-blocking medication in patients with pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor of the adrenal gland. Despite having alpha- and beta-blocking properties, Carvedilol has not been used extensively for this condition. Therefore, care must be used while administering carvedilol to patients who may have pheochromocytoma.
Angina Variant of Prinzmetal: Medication with non-selective beta-blocking activity may cause chest discomfort in people with Prinzmetal's variant angina, a specific type of chest pain. Giving Carvedilol to someone suspected of having Prinzmetal's variant angina should be done with caution, even though Carvedilol has some alpha-blocking actions that may assist in avoiding this.
Anaphylactic Reaction Risk: When taking beta-blockers, people who have previously experienced severe allergic reactions may respond to allergens more intensely. They may be less sensitive to the standard amounts of Epinephrine used to treat allergic responses as a result of their enhanced sensitivity.
Floppy Iris Syndrome During Surgery: Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome (IFIS) is a specific ocular ailment that some patients using alpha-1 blockers (Carvedilol is an alpha or beta blocker) have experienced during cataract surgery. This condition affects the iris, the colorful part of the eye. There does not seem to be an advantage in ceasing alpha-1 blocker therapy before cataract surgery, though surgeons may need to make adjustments during the procedure.

Use in Specific Populations:

Pregnancy: It is recognized that poorly controlled hypertension during pregnancy has hazards for both the mother and the fetus, even though information about the particular risks of Carvedilol during pregnancy is minimal. The use of beta-blockers, such as Carvedilol, during the latter trimester of pregnancy may increase the risk of low blood pressure, a sluggish heartbeat, low blood sugar, and breathing difficulties in the baby. Controlling hypertension during pregnancy is essential to minimizing difficulties, and women who use beta-blockers in the final trimester should exercise caution when doing so. Research conducted on pregnant rats and rabbits revealed possible negative effects on fetal development, even though the doses used were far greater than those advised for humans. It is believed that the overall background risk of miscarriage and birth abnormalities with confirmed pregnancies is 15 to 20 percent and two to four percent, respectively.
Lactation: No information is available regarding the presence of Carvedilol in human milk or how it affects a nursing child. Rats that are nursing produce milk that contains Carvedilol. The advantages of nursing should be taken into account in addition to the mother's requirement for Carvedilol and any possible risks to the child.
Use in Pediatrics: It is unknown if Carvedilol is beneficial for patients under the age of 18. Clinical outcomes in a trial involving children were not significantly impacted by Carvedilol. Dyspnea, vertigo, and chest pain were among the adverse effects.
Use in the Elderly: Between one-third and half of the participants were 65 years of age or older. Elderly participants did not differ significantly from younger participants in terms of safety or efficacy, while some sensitivity may exist in the elderly. There was a small increase in dizziness among older adults with hypertension.