Correlation Between Cardiovascular Diseases and Renal Diseases - An Overview

Introduction:

Cardiovascular and renal diseases go hand in hand. Risk factors for renal and cardiovascular disease are lipid alteration, high blood pressure, obesity, and diabetes, which result in an unhealthy lifestyle. Conversely, a healthy diet can reduce cardiovascular risk and slow the progression of chronic kidney disease. Renal and cardiovascular protection includes the control of the classic renal and cardiovascular disease.

What Is Cardiovascular Disease?

Cardiovascular disease is a group of disorders of blood vessels and the heart. They include:-

• Coronary Heart Disease: It is a disease of the blood vessel that supplies the heart muscle.

• Cerebrovascular Disease: It is a disease of the blood vessel that supplies the brain.

• Peripheral Arterial Disease: It is a disease of the blood vessel that supplies the leg and arm.

• Rheumatic Heart Disease: It Is damage to the heart valves and heart muscles from rheumatic fever caused by Streptococcal bacteria.

• Congenital Heart Disease: Congenital disabilities that affect the normal functioning and development of the heart are caused by malformation of the heart's structure from birth.

• Deep Vein Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism: A blood clot in a leg vein can move and dislodge the lungs and heart.

What Are the Symptoms of Cardiac Disease?

The symptoms of cardiac disease are as follows :

• Chest pain.

• Nausea or abdominal pain.

• Extreme tiredness.

• Unexplained sweating.

• Difficulty breathing.

• Irregular heartbeat.

• A feeling of fainting.

• Dizziness and lightheadedness.

• Unusual sleep disturbance.

What Is Renal Disease?

Chronic kidney disease involves a gradual loss of kidney function. The most common causes of chronic kidney disease are high blood pressure and diabetes. In addition, kidney disease leads to chronic kidney diseases such as glomerulonephritis (refers to damage of tiny filters inside the kidneys), lupus nephritis (refers to the formation of autoantibodies that affects the structures in the kidney that filters waste), kidney cancer, and polycystic kidney disease.

What Are the Symptoms of Chronic Renal Disease?

• Swelling of legs, feet, and ankles.

• Muscle cramps.

• Urination is less or more than average.

• Trouble catching breath.

• Poor appetite.

• Difficulty concentrating.

• Trouble sleeping.

• Dry, scaly skin.

• Frequent urination, especially at night.

• Nausea.

• Vomiting.

• Fluid retention.

• Anemia (decrease in red blood cells).

• Decrease sex drive.

• Sudden rise in potassium levels (hyperkalemia).

• Inflammation of the pericardium (a fluid-filled sac that covers the heart).

• Puffiness around the eyes in the morning.

• Feeling sick to the stomach or throwing up.

Which Are the Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease?

• Stage 1: Kidney damage and normal renal function.

• Stage 2: Kidney damage with mild loss of kidney function.

• Stage 3: Moderate decrease in kidney function.

• Stage 4: Severe decrease in kidney function.

• Stage 5: Kidney failure.

What Are Different Types of Kidney Disease?

The different types of kidney disease are short-term (acute kidney injury) and long-term (chronic kidney disease).

• Acute Kidney Disease: An acute renal failure or acute kidney injury due to decreased blood flow or trauma to the kidney. It also occurs due to blockages such as high blood pressure or kidney stone.

• Chronic Kidney Disease: It is also known as chronic renal disease or chronic renal failure. In this disease, damage to the kidney processes gradually and often leads to sudden kidney failure.

What Is the Correlation Between Cardiovascular and Renal Disease?

Most research has proved that cardiovascular disease is parallel with chronic kidney disease. In addition, the progression of cardiovascular disease and chronic renal disease is associated with risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and lipid disorder.

The Chronic renal disease occurs in around forty percent of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Chronic kidney disease is observed in arterial hypertension and an increase in cardiovascular risk, necessitating the need to protect the cardiovascular and renal systems. Damage to renal and cardiac systems depends on the presence of similar origins followed by similar risk factors. The treatment to eliminate the progression of renal function and atherosclerosis is standard for both processes, excluding specific therapies for primary renal diseases.

SGLT2i (a group of prescription medications approved with exercise and diet to lower blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes) has a direct benefit in cardiac patients with heart failure and renal outcome and kidney function.

Which Are the Chronic Kidney Disease Factors That Promote Chronic Vascular Disease?

Chronic kidney disease risk factors that promote chronic vascular disease are:-

• Persistently elevated blood pressure (>140/90mmHg with three or more antihypertensive drugs)

• Endothelial dysfunction (refers to coronary artery disease in which the heart surface gets narrow).

• Calcium and phosphate abnormalities.

• Sodium and water overload.

• Chronic inflammation.

• Soft tissue calcification.

• Erythropoietin resistance (refers to an inability to maintain the desired hemoglobin levels).

• Presence of uraemic toxins.

• Parathyroid hormone imbalance.

• Overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system.

What Is the Effect of Hypertension on Cardiac and Renal Disorders?

Primary hypertension involves developing cardiac (heart failure, coronary artery disease, and atrial fibrillation), cerebral (transient ischemic), and peripheral arterial disease. The presence of chronic kidney disease is considered any form of targeted organ damage that can be detected as cardiovascular disease. The higher the risk of cardiovascular risk, the higher the level of chronic kidney disease.

What Are Preventive Strategies for Cardiovascular and Renal Disease?

A healthy diet has shown the slow progression of chronic kidney disease and decreased risk of cardiovascular events. Kidney disease and heart disease cannot always be prevented. The aggregate of renin-angiotensin system blockade (RAS) with angiotensin II converting enzyme (ARB) or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) with maximum dose and other antihypertensive drugs to control blood pressure consists of the focal therapy for a patient at high cardiovascular risk related to elevated blood pressure. The advantage of renin angiotensin-converting enzyme (RAS) blockade is limited to advanced stages, from the third to the fifth stage of chronic kidney disease, which conversely increases cardiorenal risk. Aspirin can be used in patients with chronic kidney disease and hypertension, showing a decreased rate of major cardiovascular events and mortality, controlling the blood glucose in case of diabetes, and keeping the cholesterol count in a healthy range.

Conclusion:

Heart disease can cause chronic renal disease, and kidney disease can cause heart disease. Heart disease is a common cause of death on dialysis among people. An essential part of treating kidney heart disease and kidney disease involves a healthy lifestyle.