RSV Rising Among Children: An Overview

What Is RSV?

RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) is a virus that affects the respiratory system. This virus is common, seasonal, and spreads quickly. This virus most commonly affects the minor respiratory pathway, the bronchioles. This viral infection most commonly affects children. However, this infection can affect adults as well. Most children within two years of age can be commonly affected by this virus. Generally, this condition presents with mild cold symptoms and resolves within a week. This condition may affect premature babies, infants less than six months, and older people with greater intensity. A more severe infection can cause complications such as bronchitis and pneumonia. A severe form of infection may even require hospitalization. A severe infection can exacerbate existing heart and lung conditions.

Why Is RSV on the Rise?

The CDC (center for disease control and prevention) has tracked an increase in RSV cases in the United States since August 2022. This infection is commonly seen among infants and older adults. The affected population presents with flu-like symptoms, with some even requiring hospitalization. The exact reason behind this sudden rise has yet to be discovered. However, doctors point to the lowering of guards after the waves of COVID-19. The sudden rise in cases is believed to be due to the sudden dilution of COVID-19 guidelines, such as social distancing, wearing of masks, and travel restrictions. According to doctors, most children contract this virus within two years and develop immunity. However, the isolation due to the pandemic has changed the game and has made children more susceptible to such infections.

Who Is at a Higher Risk of RSV?

RSV can affect people belonging to any age group. However, some may be at a higher risk than others. This include:

• Infants who are born prematurely.

• Infants who are under the age of six months.

• Children with weaker immune systems than others.

• Children or infants who have difficulty with mucus clearances.

• Individuals above the age of 65 years.

• Individuals with other complications such as heart conditions, asthma, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder).

Can RSV Spread From One Person to the Other?

RSV is a respiratory viral infection that can quickly spread from one person to another. This infection usually spreads from one person to another during the initial few days of the infection. However, if the person's immunity is weak, it may be communicable even for up to four weeks. This infection can spread from one person to another through direct contact. The infective droplets can spread from one person or a child to another through sneezing or coughing. Those droplets can remain suspended in the air for quite some time and can enter another child or person's system through the mouth, nose, or even eyes. The virus can even stay on door knobs and other surfaces. This is how commonly the virus spreads from one person to the others. The occurrence is similar to seasonal influenza. It can occur between spring to fall in the United States.

How Long Does It Take for RSV to Show Symptoms?

RSV can take anywhere from two to eight days to show symptoms. After the onset, the condition can usually last between one week to ten days.

What Are the Symptoms of RSV?

The symptoms may occur altogether or can have a gradual onset. The symptoms can vary according to the age of the affected individual. The symptoms of RSV, according to the age group, can include

A. RSV Symptoms in Babies:

Babies lesser than six months may not experience the common symptoms. The symptoms in infants may include:

1. Fussy mood or irritability.

2. Loss of appetite.

3. Decreased activity.

4. Noticeable change in breathing pattern.

Babies less than six months may require hospitalization to stabilize breathing and oxygen levels.

B. RSV Symptoms in Toddlers:

Toddlers between one and three years can experience RSV like the common flu, and its symptoms may include:

1. Cough.

2. Sneezing.

3. Running nose.

4. Loss of appetite.

5. Loss of interest in playing.

6. Faster breathing.

7. Difficulty in swallowing food.

Severe Symptoms:

At times, the symptoms of RSV can become severe in infants and toddlers. In such a situation, one should get medical attention at the earliest. The symptoms of severe RSV include:

1. Extreme breathing difficulty.

2. Rapid breathing.

3. Shallow breathing.

4. Belly breathing or the breathing in which the stomach has a "U" shape.

5. Pauses in between breathing.

6. Bluish discoloration of the nails and mouth.

If any of the above symptoms are noticed, a medical opinion should be obtained as early as possible.

C. RSV Symptoms in Children and Adults:

Children above the age of five years or adults may not experience very severe RSV. Usually, only mild symptoms are observed. These symptoms can be very similar to another common influenza. The symptoms in children and adults can include

1. Nasal congestion or running nose.

2. Headache.

3. Sore throat.

4. Sneezing and coughing.

5. Fever.

6. Fatigue and body pain.

Though the symptoms may not be severe, a medical opinion should be obtained immediately if breathing difficulty is felt.

How Is RSV Diagnosed?

A doctor should be able to diagnose RSV based on a person's symptoms and medical history. First, the doctor will examine the breathing with the help of a stethoscope. Next, oxygen levels can be monitored using a pulse oximeter. The definitive test for viruses can be done using a swab test. This will help in identifying the virus specifically. Also, a blood test will be taken to check for white blood cell levels. An increase in WBCs (white blood cells) can indicate an infection.

In case of severe infections, additional tests such as urine analysis, x-rays, and CT (computed tomography) can be performed for confirmation.

How Is RSV Treated?

The treatment for RSV is similar to another influenza. The mild cases usually do not require any treatment and can resolve independently. The resolution can take up to two weeks and can be supplemented by the following:

1. Using over-the-counter (OTC) medications to treat fever and body pain symptoms.

2. Staying hydrated.

3. Usage of saline nasal sprays.

4. Taking adequate rest and consuming a balanced diet.

Severe cases of RSV may require specific treatment by a doctor. One may also require hospitalization if breathing difficulty is felt. Treating severe RSV can include:

1. Using an oxygen mask and breathing machine.

2. Taking antiviral medications.

3. IV (intravenous) fluids to supplement the treatment.

Conclusion:

Due to its contagious nature, RSV can spread very quickly. Since RSV cases are rising, care should be taken to protect babies and toddlers. Babies are at greater risk of getting this condition as their immune system is still developing. They can easily pick this infection from their surroundings and caregivers. Therefore, care should be taken before touching infants and toddlers. Their hands and feet should be regularly wiped to avoid any infection. Medical care should be obtained earliest if the child experiences breathing difficulty. Utmost care should be taken to prevent the spread of such infections, as prevention is always better than cure.