The Sun, Ultraviolet Rays, and the Eyes

Introduction:

With rising global warming, the protective layer of our Earth, ozone, is depleting with time. This has resulted in the sun's ultraviolet (UV) light penetrating the Earth's layer. Now it is well known to many that this UV light from the sun or even artificial sources have detrimental effects on the skin. However, what is known to a few people is that it affects the eyes too. This is because the tissues present in the eyes are quite delicate. Therefore, the exposure to the sun and UV light becomes more intense on long sunny summer days. Therefore, excessive exposure to UV light on the eyes is detrimental and must be considered.

What Is Ultraviolet Light?

Ultraviolet light or radiation is a non-iodized type of radiation released by the sun or artificial resources. These rays are not part of the white light and are higher in energy. This makes them more harmful to exposure. Some of the sources of ultraviolet lights are.

• Natural Sources: The Sun is the only natural source of UV light.

• Artificial Sources: Tanning beds, light sources such as halogen, incandescent and fluorescent, LASERs, and welding machines are a few examples of artificial sources that emit UV light.

This being said, different sources emit different types of ultraviolet light. There are three types of ultraviolet light: UV-A, UV-B, and UV-C.

• UV-A: A long-wavelength UV ray that is not absorbed by the ozone layer. Being overexposed to this type may lead to cataracts and macular degeneration.

• UV-B: It is a medium wavelength UV wave and is partly absorbed by the ozone layer. Overexposure to this one leads to the chances of photokeratitis.

• UV-C: This is a short-wavelength UV ray and is completely absorbed by the ozone layer. It is the most harmful one.

UV-A and UV-B radiation have the potential range to reach the Earth's surface, which may affect the eyes and their vision; hence it is essential to get some protection against it.

How Does Ultraviolet Light Affect the Eyes?

Exposure to UV radiation may have long and short-term consequences. It may harm the eyes, affect vision, and deteriorate overall eye health, including the eyelids. People who stare directly at the sun during an eclipse or even on a normal day may permanently damage their eyesight or affect their vision. Studies have shown that long exposure to UV radiation affects the skin and has cancerous effects on the eye and eyelids. Various ocular conditions are associated with extensive exposure to UV light.

• Cataract: It is a condition in which the eye's natural lens is clouded. This part of the eye focuses on the light coming to it. Exposure to UV light, especially UV-B radiation, adds the risk of getting certain types of cataracts. This can cause vision impairment and, in severe cases can lead to blindness.

• Macular Degeneration: Macular degeneration (AMD) is a condition with degeneration and damage to the retina and one of the main causes of age-related blindness. Also, researchers say that exposure to UV light for longer periods can cause degeneration. This condition may result in loss of vision.

• Pterygium: In this condition, there is a pink, non-cancerous growth on the layer of the conjunctiva over the white part of the eyes. It is also called the surfer's eye. UV light exposure from the sun also contributes to the formation of pterygium.

• Snow Blindness: Also known as photokeratitis or corneal sunburn is caused due to exposure to UV-B radiation. Overexposure to the sun on beaches or during skiing without proper eye protection may result in this condition. It becomes quite painful and may sometimes also lead to temporary blindness.

• Skin Cancer: The skin around the eyes is sensitive and vulnerable to skin cancer, particularly if it is exposed to excessive UV radiation. Research also shows that overexposure to UV radiation can cause cancer around the eyelids.

How to Protect Eyes?

It is essential for children, adults, and the elderly to protect their eyes from harmful UV light. This light is more severe from 10:00 am to 4:00 pm. UV rays come from the sun but are multi-directional. They reflect from the ground, water sources, sand, snow, and other bright surfaces.

• Plan early morning walks to take the essential Vitamin D from the sun.

• Use hats with wide brims to get adequate coverage.

• Carry sunglasses at all times.

• Avoid moving around in the sun during peak UV hours 10 am to 4pm.

• Wear full-length clothes covering arms and legs.

• Sunglasses should be wide-rimmed and have side protection. They should block out 90 % to 100 % of UV-A and UV-B rays. Look for glasses that are labeled “UV 400” or “100% UV protection.”

• If one wears contact lenses, switch to a pair with UV protection.

• Apply sunscreen of higher SPF around the eyes and eyelids to protect them from harmful UV radiation.

• Youngsters should avoid excessive indoor tanning sessions as it may lead to melanoma.

• People living near the equatorial regions or at higher altitudes should especially care for their eye health as they are more exposed to the harshness of these rays.

• Never ever look directly at the sun as this can lead to permanent eye damage.

• Drink plenty of water and fluids.

• One can use eye drops to keep the eyes hydrated, as dry eyes are more prone to damage from UV rays.

• Even on a cloudy day, UV radiation is present. Therefore, take adequate protection.

When to See the Doctor?

If one experiences symptoms that do not calm down or resolve easily, book an appointment with the eye doctor. Check for the following symptoms:

• Redness of the eyes.

• Extreme sensitivity to light.

• Feeling gritty in the eyes.

• Temporary loss of vision or distorted vision.

• Seeing halos.

• Blurry or dim vision.

• Night vision problems.

• Teary eyes.

• Frequent headaches.

• Seeing single or multiple spots.

Conclusion:

It is essential to go out in the sun and get the essential vitamin D. however; necessary precautions should be taken. The UV-layered sunglasses should be worn. See to it that there are no scratches on the glasses. Children should be restricted from playing outside during peak afternoon hours and wearing sunscreen around the eye area. If by any chance there is overexposure to the sun, which causes any eye problems, visit the nearest doctor or health facility to avoid further complications.